Red shift

The property of red shift is measured in the spectral output from stars, galaxies, quasars, etc. Normally expressed in %, the red shift is a measure of the difference in the spectrographic appearance of certain atomic-level transitions. These energy- jumps only occur at well-known, specific, characteristic frequencies. For instance, if we would take the light produced at a standard pressure and temperature by a neon sign, then split and measure the frequencies by a spectrograph; the identical frequencies would always appear with the same relative intensities.

A classic analogy to the red-shift of light (or electromagnetic energy) would be the Doppler shift of sound. An experiment last century used a horn player, seated on an open flatcar of a moving train. A stationary observer, by the side of the tracks, would listen to a constant note played by the moving musician. The stationary observer would measure the note as high when the train approached, and as low once the train passed.

In a similar manner, light produced from known, pure gasses would be emitted with an identifiable spectrum. The spectrum produced while the source was approaching us would measure as noticeably blue. The same spectral light would appear to be red-shifted if the source was moving away from us.

Scientists concluded that the objects in the universe producing a red-shifted spectra were rapidly receding from our present position. Most distant objects in the universe showed a substantial red-shift. The objects, which showed up as fainter and dimmer, presumably farther away, were measured to have an increasing redshift.

From this set of measurements, Hubble assumed that the universe was expanding, and the predicted rate of expansion increased as objects were farther and farther distant from us.

The C-R theory would agree: If the universe is expanding rapidly, this could cause the Redshift. However, we have a (not so?) small monkey wrench to throw into the carefully calculated precision clockwork concerning the assumption that the redshift is caused only by the expansion of the universe.

The CR theory states that "gravity" is produced only from the action of the curvature of spacetime. This means that the amount of the observed real-time slowdown could also be an indication of warped spacetime, independent from the amount of motion. If this, indeed is the case, then any object residing in a more intense gravitational field will also produce a time slowed-down spectral signature.

To complicate the resolution of the two alternatives mentioned above, the C-R theory suggests that both the speed of recession (or expansion) and the gravitational curvature of spacetime will contribute to the overall redshift. Unfortunately, there is no easy, immediate way to tell the difference between, or the proportional contribution from either alternative.

To assess the situation, given billions of years, we could send out observers to many faraway locations in the universe. We could instruct them to measure, using their local reference-time, the standard time-interval report from every other observer. Each observer would relay their observations to a centralized location. Waiting around a few billion more years for the replies from the farthest-out observers, then a few hours or less of computational time later; we could finally determine the proportional red-shift contributions from both the relative-time slowdown, and the recessional velocity.

In short, the C-R theory predicts that some, or all of the measured red-shift from the outer regions of the universe, may be due to the nature of spacetime. We predict that the gravitational curvature warps the normal spacetime up to a total time-slowdown mode. The C-R theory is less dependent on the restrictive conditions that specify a strictly expanding (receding) universe. The C-R theory conditions simplify the assumptions needed to derive a workable model of the universe based on current observations. We would expect the time slowdown should appear to be more complete among the outer portion of the mass in the universe. This region is subdued under the greatest curvature (compounded from the total mass located in the central areas).

Objects closer to the outer edge of the universe would be more completely slowed-down in time. Any objects at a 90% red-shift would naturally appear to be younger and dimmer since they would be both younger (ageing only 1/10 of our rate of time), and dimmer, since they would output energy at 10% of our time-referenced energy rate.

What this means is; if the observed amount of red-shift is caused by time slowdown, we cannot make any accurate or absolute determination of the age of, or the size of the universe. For example; if a quasar were slowed-down to only 1% of our reference time, but it was also approaching us at 90% of the speed of light, it would still appear to be 10% time shifted.

A preliminary assumption in all conventional theories base relative calculations on the premise that the energy-output, spectral temperature profile of identical stars would be identical at vast distances. The C-R theory argues; since the time-base used by thesetwo stars might vary by a factor of at least 10 [100% to 10%], the absolute brightness of stars which appear to be identical could be in severe error.

Because the comparative brightness (absolute magnitude) of distant stars was measured, calibrated, and computed against the near-by, non (time-shifted) red-shifted type of star, the calculation for recessional velocity may be in considerable error. Since this recessional velocity was used to compute: all of the distances in- and the age of- the universe, and the time from the Big Bang, all of these interrelated items must be considered in error.