Nova

The term, nova, which is Latin for new, originally was coined to describe what was thought to be a new star in the heavens. Nowadays, it is recognized that the star which undergoes the nova is not new. Photographic records always seem to show that the star in question has existed for some time. It is simply that during the nova, the star becomes momentarily brighter than thousands, maybe millions or billions of normal stars.

The present day theories account for this temporary brightness increase with the explanation that the star has undergone the last fusion of it's hydrogen to helium. In some cases, the star will even have finished its conversion of helium into heavier elements. Present-day theories explain that this is the cause of the nova: As the star nears the end of its useful life, the supply of lighter elements still available for fusion decreases. The temperature decreases from the less plentiful fusion reactions. The hot ball of gaseous elements starts to collapse as it "cools-off", as the result of the inexorable pull of gravity. This collapse rapidly creates a thermal shock wave at a lower layer, and this locally increases the density and temperature around that layer of the star. Therefore this compression greatly multiplies the fusion reaction rate, and this compressed, ignited layer virtually explodes.

Spending it's last available amounts of fusion fuel, this surging thermonuclear reaction scatters the concentrated mass from the star. Along with the brilliance created from this last catastrophic process, in the violence of the nova, the star undergoes it's final death throes.

If enough unfused matter still remains, the reaction may yet continue. The star may undergo the nova stage more than once if conditions are favorable.

This last dying act of the star will leave a luminous shell or ring of material scurrying away from the vicinity. At the center, where the star used to exist, there will be a rapidly spinning, incredibly dense remnant of concentrated neutrons.

This collapsed neutron remnant is named a pulsar. The name, pulsar originated due to the almost perfectly timed pulses it emits1. Scientists now know that the pulses from the pulsar will slow down over time. Ultimately, a nearly dead, very low energy blob of neutrons will be left. This collection of low-energy, densely concentrated matter could be termed a Brown Dwarf.

If the pre-nova star started off with more than (the best current guess is) 2.5 times the mass of our sun, then an even more violent, and spectacular event, called the supernova, can occur.

The C-R theory predicts a possibly more straightforward account of a star undergoing a nova2. By the C-R theory: If any star has a Black-Hole at it's center; triggering the anti-collapse of this Black-Hole can provide the source of the incredible energy output available to cause the nova of each star3.

Any star-centered Black-Hole eventually accumulates a great imbalance of positive charges. Continuously swallowing protons and neutrons, while releasing many, if not all electrons increases the severity of the magnitude of the release. The vicinity all around the star will abound with excess electrons, and we should detect and expect a negatively charged solar wind.

The trapped positive charges and their neutron pals are totally time-inactivated. These particles, and anything else stored in the Black-Hole (neutral zone) are prohibited from undergoing any interactions including mutual repulsion, while the time-inactivation remains valid.

To spring the trap, the C-R theory would require the presence of some time-active, external or internal trigger. Potential candidates could include:

• 1. Tidal drag, or gravitational timewarp boundary shifting, which might occur from an orbiting companion star.
• 2. Tidal drag caused by a relatively large planetary mass.
• 3. A gravitational disturbance by a comet or an asteroid.

Upon the action of one or more of these sources, some of the time inactivated positive charges might be allowed the opportunity to re-enter active time. The energy to mutually repel the positive charges will be provided from some of the energy stored up due to the gravitational collapse. As soon as any real-time activity is restored, the positive charges will again detect their fellow protons, and these ex-jailbirds will mutually repel each other.

This trapped particle parole program creates a local decrease in the density of the matter-energy trapped in the Neutral Zone. Suppose that there is a sufficient amount of a disturbance, which releases a large quantity of pent-up positive particles. This allows a reduced curvature ripple effect to spread through some or all of the time inactivated matter. If this occurs, some or all of the matter and energy trapped inside the Neutral Zone in this Black-Hole could become freed from their prison. This matter and energy released will need to expend some stored-up energy to overcome the effect of the total time-slowdown of the Neutral Zone.

Notice that the re-activation of some matter from the contents of the Neutral Zone in the Black-Hole does not necessarily imply that all of the matter trapped within will have the opportunity or the ability to re-activate itself. Notice also that, however much of the trapped matter-energy is released from the Neutral Zone; there may not be enough of a release to affect in any way the contents of the inside Active Zone of the Black-Hole. This inside Active Zone will still possess enough mass compacted to a density sufficient to allow the total curvature of spacetime to zero-real-time at it's Schwarzschild radius boundary.

The release of all of the matter and energy trapped inside the Neutral Zone could not affect the inside Active Zone, unless there also was some tidal shifting of spacetime in that vicinity. This tidal shift would allow: either a realignment of the Schwarzschild radius; or some of the activated matter-energy contents to leak into the formerly closed inside Active Zone.

Some of the novas which occur may not have sufficient energy or sufficient total-gravitational collapse interruption to allow the liberation and re-activation of the entire contents of the Neutral Zone on the first try. In this way, more than one nova is possible from any given star.

Since the nova frees large quantities of very energetic and densely concentrated atomic nuclear material, it would not be surprising if heavier elements were created from, and detectable in the aftermath of the nova. After releasing many of the accumulated positive charges, it is also possible that some very dense structures composed primarily of compacted neutrons were left behind.