Protons

Protons are the positively charged subatomic particles generally residing in the nucleus of all atoms. The number of protons determines the atomic number of an atom for each element.

The proton is almost identical in mass to the mass of the neutron. Protons are also the main component of the most energetic cosmic rays, sometimes called alpha particles. Protons by themselves could be considered as the nucleus of a singular hydrogen atom. The protons in any heavier nucleus are bound together by the strong atomic force, together with an equal or greater number of neutrons.

In conventional theories of the universe, the proton provides much of the energy which we can detect. To surrender it's energy, the proton can be brought together and combined with other protons and electrons to be fused into heavier elements. Generally starting with hydrogen, the fusion reaction will occur favorably up until atomic number 56, or the element iron. The energy released when this binding occurs is substantial; it is the same type of energy released during a hydrogen bomb blast.

Conventional theories also predict that the entire energy output of the sun is presently due to the fusion reaction occurring at the center. In this reaction, four hydrogen atom nuclei (4 protons) and two electrons are combined at very high temperatures and pressures into one helium atom, i.e., two protons and two neutrons. In the process of the fusion reaction, there will be two neutrinos produced (because two hydrogen nuclei were converted into neutrons).

By the C-R theory, the proton takes on an entirely different and very profound role in the overall course of the universe.

To generate the incredible energies which we observe coming from our sun and other similar stars, the C-R theory predicts that Black-Holes are really the cause for most of the energy output. Without proving it first, let us imagine any old Black hole at the center of any old star.

Any Black-Hole surrounded by matter will swallow the massive protons (and neutrons) far more readily than it will be able to trap the less massive, whizzing electrons. The total gravitational collapse of spacetime will permit the Black-Hole to store-up the protons in a time-inactivated, effectively electrically neutral state. The protons will still possess their positive charge, but they will be rendered temporarily incapable of undergoing any electrical interaction.

Eventually, an unstable condition may occur which will permit the release of the inactivated contents stored inside the Black-Hole, from the Neutral Zone. At this time, all of the stored-up electrical charges and energy which the Black-Hole has trapped over time will have an opportunity to escape.

Because the C-R theory predicts that the Black-Hole can only store-up matter and energy without any being released from the Black-Hole; the Black-Hole will play a part in the overall scheme of things in the universe.

It is in this context: providing a recognized means for matter inside the Black-Hole to overcome the local gravitational curvature, that the proton comes into its own. The critical link in the recycling of the matter trapped in a Black-Hole is provided by the proton, and it's unique nature of relatively large mass, and an active positive charge.

It may indeed be ironic that nature has selected one of the smallest but most abundant sub-atomic particles to enable the pathway for the recycling of the largest known object, our universe. How suitable that one of the smallest detectable objects has special characteristics that profoundly affect the fate of everything else.