Closed Universe

When scientists talk of a closed universe, they refer to a universe which possesses enough matter at a sufficient density to close-up, or warp spacetime to the amount of complete curvature. It means that the escape velocity at the outer boundary would equal "c", or the speed of light.

Strictly speaking, a closed universe invokes the geometry of space. The closed universe exists inside a surface area where the outer radius equals the escape velocity of the speed of light. Nothing from the inside of this universe can possibly escape (unless tunnelling or wormholes can play their tricks). This geometric curvature also traps and confines the matter and energy contents of the universe.

By the C-R theory, if the entire contents of the universe are contained inside the Active Zone portion inside a giant Black- Hole, then the total mass + energy content of the universe can not decrease over time. This confinement would seem to supersede the Second Law of Thermodynamics, as well.

The C-R theory maintains that it is not just a lucky coincidence that the universe appears to be almost closed. The C-R theory predicts that our universe is an Active Zone, entirely contained within a universe sized Black-Hole. If any type of a Neutral-Zone still exists outside of the Active Zone (our universe, too), then the Active Zone will always contain the proper mix of mass at the density to remain exactly critical. That implies that our universe is always closed, and is always exactly of the right mass and density combination to perfectly close up the universe.

Most theories are embarrassed that the universe appears to be tantalizingly too close to call between an open, unbounded universe, and a closed, self-contained universe. Dirac even predicted that the gravitational constant, g, would decrease with the number of particles and the size of the universe. This is one way to explain the apparent coincidence that there appears to be almost enough matter (within a magnitude of a power of ten) to be sufficient to close the universe.

The C-R theory maintains that this complete and exact closure is natural, normal, and continuous. We have no embarrassing mix of coincidences needed, merely the normal, self closing action of a standard C-R theory Active Zone. Any and every Active Zone inside of every Black-Hole will also always appear to be totally, and exactly closed. If any excess mass to density ratio exists over and above the amount required to perfectly close off (or warp shut) the Active Zone, then the Active Zone simply shrinks. It's radius decreases somewhat, and the excess amount of mass and/or energy is safely and carefully deposited into the eveC-Raiting Neutral Zone.

Another assumption popular in theories today is that, if the universe is closed, it will inevitably and eventually totally collapse. The C-R theory shows that this assumption may not be fully justified. We should note that at the outer edges of the closed universe, the greater gravitational curvature has slowed-down time. The loss of gravitational energy is real, and the potential energy of matter near the outer edge is LESS than the potential energy of matter closer to the center of the universe.

Before the matter at the outer edges of the universe could collapse inward, the matter would need to feel the gravitational attraction. To be drawn inward, the matter would necessarily be pulled into a higher energy region. The energy equivalent of this matter "falling" inward is that objects on the surface of the earth would "fall" upwards, towards the sky. Since we know that on our earth objects don't voluntarily fall from a lower energy region into a higher region (at least on their own accord), so we also predict that this matter near the outer edge of the universe can't simply fall inward.

If even a small amount of rotation is involved on a universal scale, then it might well be impossible for the total radius of all matter in the active zone to simply shrink with time. This is obvious for the same type of reasons that all of the sun's planets don't conspire (by gravity) to shrink all of their orbits simultaneously.

The C-R theory imparts both a new stability and rationale to a closed universe. The C-R theory does allow some eventual mixing of the contents of the Neutral Zone and the Active Zone. In this way, changes could occur in the net size and mass of the active portion universe over time, without the necessity of sacrificing the closed nature of the universe.