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MECEEO System
Hydraulic Book

Weighting (The most significant impact potentials)

In the previous section, the normalized values express the contribution to the environmental impacts relative to an average person’s contribution; it doesn’t shows the critical contribution. For example, certain resources will be exhausted in a few decades at the present rates of consumption. It should be noted that not all the environmental impacts are equally critical. To assess which normalized resource consumptions and environmental impact potentials figures (3.22), & (3.24), are judged to be worst, it is necessary to apply the weightings on the hydraulic product system. It should be noted that the weighting principle for the various impacts are not the same in the EDIP method, the weighted impact potentials cannot be compared across the two categories; for example, resource consumption cannot be compared with environmental impact potentials. The weighting factors that are used in the assessment are described in the EDIP book, volume 1 (Wenzel, et al., 1997) and shown in table (F1.1) appendix F. 

To assess the potential impacts and their importance in the entire lifespan of the hydraulic motor OMV/W-800, the environmental impact potentials and resource consumptions have been weighted by multiplying the normalized values with weighted factors based on actual Danish and international political reduction targets for the year 2000 (for detailed methodology, see previous chapter, section (2.4.4.2). The results from the weightings criteria are illustrated in the following sections and significant parameters have been described. Some impact categories and consumptions do not have a visible bar on the graph, because of the low value, though existing.

0.1.1.1   Weighting environmental impact potential

The environmental impact potentials profile, figure (3.25)&(3.26), is weighted with the international reduction targets for the global impact categories and the national reduction targets for the regional and local categories. The unit is called a targeted milli-person-equivalent (mPE_WDK2000), (reference year 2000.) On the basis of this criterion, it can be seen that the product contributed significantly to global warming, acidification, photochemical ozone creation, nutrient enrichment impact categories, human toxicity and persistent toxicity, which are discussed below. Rest of the categories are grouped and discussed also as below:

Figure (3.25): Weighted environmental impact potentials for the hydraulic motor OMV/W-800.

Figure (3.22): Weighted environmental impact potentials for the hydraulic motor OMV/W-800.

Figure (3.26) shows the % variant of all impact categories. The qualitative description on each impact category is reported below:

Figure (3.27): The materials (cast iron, steel, plastic and rubber) comparison on significant impacts potentials in the hydraulic product system.

Figure (3.28): Cast irons (lamellar and SG- cast iron) comparison on significant impacts potential in the hydraulic product system.

0.1.1.1.1  Global warming

As shown in figure (3.25), global warming is one of the significant impact potentials in the hydraulic product system, which is obtained by multiplying the normalized value by a weighting factor (1.3) based on actual Danish and international political reduction targets for the year 2000. It should be noted that a weighting factor of 1.3 means that the contribution in 1990 corresponds to the reduction target set for the year 2000. Global warming is approx. 20340mPE_WDK2000, the contribution corresponds to 2034% of the maximum contribution, which an average person should make in the year 2000. The value seems to be a very high value in the product system. The figure (3.29) shows that global warming mainly derives from the use stage of the hydraulic product amounting to 19770mPE_WDK2000, which is the main reason for large contributions to global warming impact potentials in the hydraulic product system. The main parameter, which creates large amounts of CO₂, SO₂, NO_X, VOC and CH₄ substances in the use stage, is energy consumption in the form of gasoline oil. As mentioned in section (C.7.4), chapter 7, appendix C, of the 25% energy reduction in the use stage almost 23.5% affect the global warming category. The hydraulic product in its entire life span consumes 1542875MJ energy, which is quite a large amount.

The raw materials and disposal stages also contribute to the global warming impact category, amounting to 0.397 PE_WDK2000 and 0.161 PE_WDK2000, which seem to be reasonable with respect to product weight_. By performing a sensitivity analysis on raw materials + semi-products in appendix A, chapter 5, section (A.5.4), the raw material preparation and production processes are also found to contribute to the global warming impact category. By going a step back in raw materials and processes, in the raw cast iron’s (sponge/pig) manufacturing processes, electrodes ancillary material and coal firing are found to mainly contribute to global warming. 

The large amount of hydraulic oil incineration also contributes to global warming in the disposal stage. The manufacturing stage contributes but with a very low bar on the graph, which is the cause of electricity consumption in the manufacturing stage. 

The above results demonstrate that the energy consumption in the use stage, raw materials preparation processes in the raw materials + semi products stage, oils incineration in the disposal stage are the main parameters in the product system, which contribute significantly to global warming. These parameters are included in the environmental diagnosis for detail investigation and improvement, and discussion in the later section.    

0.1.1.1.2  Acidification

Figure (3.25) shows that acidification is also a significant environmental impact potential in the hydraulic product system, which is approx. 12240mPE_WDK2000, i.e. the hydraulic motor’s contribution corresponds to 1224% of the maximum contribution, which an average person should make in the year 2000. It is a quite high value in the product system. Acidification is enlarged by a factor 1.3, when weighted. As shown in figure (3.30), the use stage of the hydraulic motor affects results significantly, which contributes to 12220mPE_WDK2000 corresponds to 1222% of an average per person. The oil combustion in a diesel engine produces SO₂, NO_X, and MNVOC substances, which contribute to acidification in the use stage. The acidification result is almost similar to global warming impact potentials, because the same parameters create acidification in a hydraulic product system. In other words, the acidification is the cause of global warming.

The coal firing and raw materials preparations processes in the raw materials + semi-products stage also contribute to the acidification category, amounting to 255mPE_WDK2000. By investigating in detail the coal firing and raw materials preparations processes found to contribute to acidification. In the disposal stage acidification mainly derives from the hydraulic oil incineration process.

From the results presented above, the important parameters that affect the acidification impact potential category significantly, are energy consumption in the use stage, raw materials preparation processes in the raw materials + semi products stage, and oil incineration in the disposal stage. The above parameters are also very influential in regard to global warming. These parameters are further added in the later sections ‘environmental diagnosis’ and ‘discussion’ (the acidification category is very much related to global warming. The same substances contribute to acidification; therefore product improvement in global warming will also improve acidification results.)    

0.1.1.1.3        Human Toxicity 

Figure (3.25) shows that human toxicity is one of the most significant environmental impact potentials in the hydraulic product system, which is contributed to 4321mPE_WDK2000, corresponded to 432% of the maximum contribution an average person in the year 2000. The use stage of the hydraulic product system is found to be a significant stage (see figure (3.31)), which contributes to 97% in the hydraulic product system. By going a step further back in the computation it was clear that human toxicity contribution derived from gasoline oil combustion in the diesel engine. The oil combustion in a diesel engine produces large amounts of NMVOC (7.2g), NO_X (38g), sulphur dioxide substances that contributes to 94% of human toxicity in the use stage of the hydraulic product system.

The raw material + semi product stage of the hydraulic product system also contributes to human toxicity, which is very small in comparison with the use stage. As shown in figures (3.27 and 3.28), the cast iron material mainly contributes to human toxicity. By going one step back in the cast iron material, the ferromanganese and ferrosilicon manganese materials are found to be significant in contribution to human toxicity with a quantity of 56g of manganese emission to air per kg of cast iron production with a factor EF(hta) 2.5.10⁶ m³/g.

The manufacturing stage also contributes, but is insignificant in comparison with other stages in the product. Please note that the human toxicity from the ancillary substances is not included (calculated), which could make significant changes in the manufacturing stage (discussed in the later section ‘discussion’)     

0.1.1.1.4       Persistent Toxicity

It is surprising that the persistent toxicity is found to be a high priority in toxicity impact potentials. The persistent toxicity contributes to 2859mPE_WDK2000 i.e. the hydraulic motor’s contribution corresponds to 289% of the maximum contribution which an average person should make in the year 2000. It is clear from figure (3.32) that potentials for persistent toxicity derive from the consumption of raw materials. As noted it was unexpected and it was therefore investigated further. In figures (3.27&3.28), the computation shows that the persistent toxicity derives from the cast-iron and steel manufacturing processes. By going a step further back in the computation it was clear that the persistent toxicity contribution derived from the iron oxides and manganese contents in the emission from the cast iron and steel works in question. As mentioned in the precious section (3.1.2.2.2.1.6&7), reactions under high temperature in cast iron and steel raw materials preparation processes produce large quantities of iron oxide, carbon monoxide (CO) and CO₂ is formed, which leads to persistent toxicity i.e. in the sintering and pelletizing processes, iron ore oxides in order to reduce the iron oxide from the raw iron. Iron oxide is emitted into the atmosphere as well as other heavy metals.

The manufacturing stage also contributes to persistent toxicity, this is due to the ancillary substance emissions in the wastewater after use. The chronic eco-toxicity from the various substances contributes further to persistent toxicity in the manufacturing stage. See in detail the results on sensitivity analysis in appendix B chapter 5, section (5.4).

From the above investigation, the raw material preparation processes in the raw material + semi-product stage and ancillary substances in the manufacturing stage parameters are aggregated to be significant in the persistent toxicity category, which are included in later sections ‘environmental diagnosis and discussion.’     

0.1.1.1.5        Eco-toxicity:

Eco-toxicity contributes to 709mPE_WDK2000 person equivalent for the year 2000_. In further made investigations on different stages of the hydraulic product system, the raw material + semi products and manufacturing stages are found to be significant stages in the hydraulic product system, which contribute to eco-toxicity significantly. 

As discussed in appendix A, chapter 5, section (5.4), in the raw material + semi products stage, the potential for eco toxicity derives from the consumption of raw materials, not from electricity consumption and transport. It was therefore investigated further on raw materials. In figures (3.27and 3.28), the computation shows that the eco-toxicity derives from the cast-iron and steel processes similar to persistent toxicity. By investigating in a detail, it was clear that the eco-toxicity contribution derived from the iron oxides and ancillary substances that are used to manufactured semi-products. The sintering and pelletizing processes produce large amounts of heavy metals such as iron oxides from the iron ore, which is emitted into the atmosphere as well as other heavy metals. The ancillary substances are emitted with water and distributed to different compartments after being treated in the wastewater treatment plant. The raw material production contributes 67% of the quantity of eco-toxicity in the hydraulic product system.

The manufacturing stage also contributes significantly to eco-toxicity, (see appendix B, section (B.5.3)). The used amount of ancillary substances in the manufacturing stage contributes to 97% in the manufacturing stage and 32% in the hydraulic product system. Regarding ancillary substances, some of the substances are incinerated after use (very low amounts) and most of them are emitted with wastewater and treated in a wastewater treatment plant near Nordborg. The substances that are emitted with wastewater have significant impacts on toxicity categories. Furthermore the (ancillary substances) oils products are aggregated, which contribute to eco-toxicity and the oil products containing manganese and molybdenum substances found to be significant in contribution to eco-toxicity in the manufacturing stage such as product (Bonder2), product (miscellaneous2), product (phos. Compound1) and product (phos. Compound2).

The use stage also contributes but with a very low value, and is therefore not significant.

From the above investigation, the raw material preparation processes in the raw material + semi-product stage and ancillary substances in the manufacturing stage parameters are aggregated to be significant in the eco-toxicity category, and are discussed with persistent toxicity in the later sections ‘environmental diagnosis and discussion.’   

0.1.1.1.6  Photochemical ozone creation and nutrient enrichment  

The environmental impacts potential profile, figure (3.25) shows that the photochemical ozone creation and nutrient enrichment impact potentials categories contribute to 10700 mPE_WDK2000 and 8187 mPR_WDK2000 respectively, which are quite large values in the hydraulic product system.  As shown in figure (3.34), the use stage of the hydraulic motor contributes 99,5% in average of the quantities of photochemical ozone creation and nutrient enrichment in the hydraulic product system. The gasoline oil combustion in the diesel engine produces the methane and the substances containing N and P from as outputs, which contribute to photochemical ozone creation and nutrient enrichment in the use stage of the hydraulic motor (see in detail, appendix C, chapter 7, section (7.4)).

The raw material +semi products stage also contributes to photochemical ozone creation and nutrient enrichment impact categories, but not significantly in comparison with the use stage, but by removing energy consumption in the use stage, these categories can be viewed as dominant in the raw material stage of the product system. As shown in figures (3.27and 3.28), the pig/sponge iron is found to be significant, and contributes relativity more to the photochemical ozone creation and nutrient enrichment than the other processes in the raw material + semi products stage of the hydraulic product. This is attributed to the fact that a higher use of coal and gasoline oil in the processes and ancillary materials, leading to NO_X emissions in the cast iron production processes. The disposal stage hydraulic incineration processes contribute to photochemical ozone creation. The manufacturing stage is not significant stage in the hydraulic product system, therefore neglected in the discussion.

Both categories (photochemical ozone creation and nutriment enrichment)  categories are very much related to global warming and the cause of similar parameters in the use stage, therefore discussed in the later sections in same parameters.    

0.1.1.1.7  Waste Categories:

As shown in figure (3.25), the waste categories do not seem to be important in the product system, but by removing energy consumption in the use stage, the waste categories can be viewed as dominant contributions to wastes impact potentials categories in the product system. With this weighting, the profile shows that the hazardous waste category is dominant in the waste categories. Furthermore the model is simulated on different stages in order to find a clear picture of the product system the hazardous waste comes from. In figure (3.35), the computation shows that hazardous waste, radioactive waste and bulk waste contributions derive from the raw material + semi-products stage. The slag and ashes waste come from raw materials + semi-products stage and use stage. By going a step further back in the computation it was clear that raw material processes produced the hazardous waste. As shown in figures (3.27and 3.28) above, the steel production produces large amounts of hazardous waste, which mainly derives from the coal used in the steel raw material preparation processes. At the same time, the other waste categories were investigated and results show that the slag and ashes waste also derives from coal material and oil combustion in the use stage (see section C.7.4, appendix C). It is evident that the contribution of bulk waste potential impact categories is much greater in the raw material + semi products stage than in the disposal stage. The bulk waste mainly comes from scrap and coal in cast iron and steel materials. 1kg of scrap produces 22 grams of bulk waste and 1 kg of coal produces 430 grams of bulk waste, which is a very high amount. In the event of radioactive waste, as shown in figure (3.27 and 3.28), the steel and cast iron materials production processes and electricity generation processes contribute to radioactive waste in the raw material stage.

From the above investigation, the raw material preparation processes in the raw material + semi-product stage and oil combustion in the use stage parameters are aggregated to be significant in contribution to waste impact potentials, which are discussed briefly in the later sections ‘environmental diagnosis and discussion.’

0.1.1.2              Weighted resource profile

The resources profile is obtained by weighting the normalized values relative to the size of known reserves (see reserve list and supply horizon on resource in Appendix F, table (F1.1)). The size of the reserves is dependent on time. In this study the reserve time is chosen from the year 1990 (reference year) and the unit of the weighted resource consumptions is in milli-Person Reserve (mPR_w90) defined, for the reference year 1990. The weighting of the resources expresses the proportion of known reserves remaining in 1990 for the individual person and his/her successors, i.e. the size of the reserves is set relative to the size of the population in 1990. The weighting ranks the resource consumption on the basis of a “Scarce resources” criterion, i.e. resources which are threatened by a short supply horizon (depletion). A short supply horizon means that the known reserves are only sufficient for a short period of time given the present extraction rate.

It can be argued that on the hydraulic product, resources that are burned to produce energy and other processes on raw material preparation should be weighted more highly than resources used for material. The resources, which are disposed with material in a landfill, can be recovered if this is ultimately desired. It should be noted that this weighting criterion is not included in present LCA and the energy production and other burned resources are not weighted higher than other resources, which are used in the material.

Figure (3.36): Weighted resource for the hydraulic motor OMV/W-800.

On the basis of the above criterion, the significant resources are aggregated from the resources profile shown in figure (3.36) and discussed below:

0.1.1.2.1       Crude oil: 

Crude oil makes the greatest contribution in the resource profile as shown in figure (3.36), with a value of this 1576mPR_{_year90} for the reference year 1990. This corresponds to the hydraulic motor 1576 parts per thousand of the entire quantity of crude oil available for one person, and all of his/her successors for all time. It is quite a lot. The reason for the large weighted contribution for crude oil is the higher consumption of materials and gasoline oils consumption. In order to get a view of the hydraulic product system, and which part of the LCA effects crude oil consumption, the stages are compared (see figure (3.37) and the use stage of the hydraulic product system is found to be a significant stage in the consumption of a high amount of crude oil. The energy consumption and hydraulic oil consumption (used hydraulic oil in the drain system) are found to be most significant parameters in the use stage, which contributes to almost 99.6% in crude oil consumption in the hydraulic product system (See sensitivity analysis on use stage in Appendix C, chapter 7, section (7.4)). The gasoline oil (diesel oil) and hydraulic oil contain crude oil, which are the significant parameters in the product system. 

The raw material  + semi products stage is also investigated by comparing (rubber, plastic, steel, and cast iron) used materials, (shown in figures (3.27 and 3.28)) and the cast iron is found to contributes to crude oil in the raw materials  + semi products stage. By going a step back in cast iron manufacturing processes data, the pig/sponge iron production contributes to crude oil consumption, which is the cause of heating in the production processes and other involved machinery and processes in the extraction and preparation of raw materials. For example, gasoline oils are consumed by machinery and transport on raw material refining and preparation, which contributes to crude oil in the cast iron production. The other parameters also contribute in the raw materials stages i.e. plastic and rubber production, but not significantly. The manufacturing and disposal stages are insignificant stages, and therefore not discussed.

Crude oil consumption is found to be the cause of energy consumption in the use stage and raw material parameters, which are further included in the environment diagnosis and discussion in the later sections.

0.1.1.2.2        Natural gas:

Natural gas resource is one of the dominant resources in the product system, which contributes to 126mPR_{_year90}. In order to add it to the environmental diagnosis discussion in the later section, it is important to know where the contribution comes from. The model is simulated stage-wise and by comparing the stages, the use stage is found to be a significant stage in consumption of large amounts of natural gas, which contribute to 97.6% in natural gas consumption similar to crude oil and 91%, contributes to the hydraulic product system. The use stage is further investigated by performing simulation on different parameters and gasoline oil is found to be a significant parameter in the use stage. The 61.2 grams of natural gas as a resource is used in the production of gasoline oil. The hydraulic product consumes 36345 liters of gasoline oil in its entire life span, which is the cause of natural gas resource consumption.  

The raw material + semi products stage also contributes to natural gas but not significantly. The cast iron material, (shown in figure (3.24)) is found to be a significant material which contributes to the natural gas consumption due to the heating processes in production of pig/sponge iron, which further effects steel results, because the raw cast iron is added in the primary steel production as input material.

The manufacturing stage also shows a very low bar on the graph, amounting to 0.04 mPRW90, which is the cause of natural gas consumption in the hardening and soldering of distributor plates. In the disposal stage, re-melting materials (cast iron and steel) consumed natural gas for the heating process, which is why the bar on the graph is in minus (-). 

0.1.1.2.3       Nickel

 Nickel also makes the greatest contribution in the metals resource profile, with a value of 15,18mPR_{_year90}. The main reason for the large weighted contribution of nickel is the short supply horizon of nickel (50 years).

As shown in figure (3.39), the raw material + semi products stage contributes 100% of the quantity of nickel in the product system. The reason behind the 100% ranked (the amount shown in use stage) is also due to replaced parts, which also pass through the raw materials + semi-products stage. By comparing the materials (figures (3.27 and 3.28)), the steel material is found to contribute to 100% of the quantity of nickel in the hydraulic product system. Furthermore different qualities of steel are investigated by computation and 18CrNi8 and X45Cr13 qualities of steels are found to contribute to the consumption of nickel. The 18CRNi8 quality of steel contains 2.1% of nickel and X45Cr13 quality of steel contains 1% of nickel in the high quality steel product. 9.228 kg of both qualities of steel are used to manufacture different parts of the hydraulic motor, which is the reason behind the high value of nickel consumption in the product system. Please note that the model (PC tool) is not able to compare more then seven different qualities of steel, therefore the graphs are not included. (But the model is not able to compare any material. The stages are assumed to be materials in the model column and further stages’ ID are recorded under materials names in the model.)

0.1% of nickel is credited in recycled materials in the disposal stage, which is  why the bar in figure (3.39) is so low in minus (-).

From the above results, the high quality of steel in the raw materials + semi-products stage is found to be important in nickel resource consumption in the hydraulic product system, which is discussed with the “raw material” parameter in later sections.  

0.1.1.2.4  Coal: 

The resource profile (figure (3.36)) shows that the coal resource also has a visible consumption relative to the other resources. The hydraulic motor OMV/W-800 accounts for over 0.6% of an average person’s average consumption of coal worldwide in 1990, the reference year. The raw material + semi-products stage is found to be significant in contributing to coal consumption. By investigating the raw material + semi-products stage, the cast iron production processes and energy generation processes are found to contribute to the quantity of coal significantly (see figure (3.27)). The raw material preparation processes e.g. sintering and pelletizing processes consume coal. Coal resource is also an energy related resource, therefore a visible graph can be seen in all stages as shown in figure (3.40). The raw material + semi product stage is effected by electricity consumption and raw material preparation processes, therefore the high consumption. Electricity generation processes affect the rest of the stages.

Resources will be discussed in the raw material and energy consumption parameters in the later sections ‘discussion and environmental diagnosis’

0.1.1.2.5       Molybdenum:

Molybdenum is also a material-related resource. It also has significant contribution in the resource profile, with a value of 5.77mPR_{_year90}. Note that in spite of the small quantity involved shown in the previous sections (normalization profile), the molybdenum is ranked highly in the weighted profile because of the small known reserves (4 kg/person) compared to the annual production. By simulating different parts of the hydraulic product life, the steel material is found to contribute to 100% of the quantity of molybdenum in the raw material + semi products stage (see appendix A, chapter 5, section (5.3)). By investigating different qualities of steel, the 20CrMo5 quality steel is found to be significant.     The steel 20CrMo5 contains 0.3% of molybdenum. The hydraulic motor OMV/W-800 contains 9.255 kg of 20CrMo5 quality of steel, which is the cause of the high value of molybdenum consumption.

The use stage and manufacturing stages are insignificant stages with a 0.00% of contribution. 0.1% of molybdenum is ranked in the recycled product (renewed product) on the basis of the recycling company’s specific data, which is the reason behind the low bar in minus (-) in figure (3.41). In the other words, the disposal stage of the hydraulic product credited 10% of the quantity of molybdenum.

The resource is important in consumption of scarce materials, therefore discussed in the later sections in raw material parameters in the ‘environmental diagnosis’ section.

0.1.1.2.6 Aluminum:

On the basis of weighting criteria, aluminum also has a visible bar on the graph as shown in figure (3.36). The use stage is found to affect the results in the consumption of aluminum. It is clear from figure (7.6), chapter 7, appendix C, that the aluminum is consumed by energy in the form of oil combustion in the diesel engine in the use stage. This was unexpected; therefore the data is screened and results show that the oil combustion energy data contains 8% aluminum as a resource in the product.  As shown in normalization, the amount of consumption is larger than weighing, because aluminum is ranked lower in the weighting because it occurs in the earth’s crust, and the supply horizon based on known reserves is significantly greater. Figure (3.36) expresses how large a part of the known remaining reserves per person the hydraulic motor OMV/W-800 claims.

The raw materials+ semi-product stage also contributes, but with a very low bar. This is because of nameplate material in the material stage. Manufacturing and disposal stages are insignificant stages.

Resource consumption in the hydraulic product system is found to be the cause of energy consumption in the use stage. The energy consumption is already added in the later sections therefore by improving the energy consumption in the product system, aluminum resource consumption will reduce. No special reason is found behind the contribution to aluminum consumption, therefore it is not separately included in the later sections.  

0.1.1.2.7  Lignite:

Lignite consumption is found in the production of raw material. The pig/sponge iron manufacturing processes contribute to the magnitude of lignite in the hydraulic product system.

0.1.1.2.8  Fe (iron):

This is due to the consumption of cast iron and steel materials in the product system and therefore not investigated. The environmental diagnosis on materials such as cast iron and steel, will affect the Fe (iron) resources in the product system.

0.1.1.2.9  Copper:

The copper consumption is due to the raw material in the hydraulic product. The steel qualities such as X45Cr13 (0.3%), 100Cr6 (0.25%) and 20CrMo5 (0.25%) contain copper resource in the products. The copper (14 grams) is used to solder the distributor, which is the cause of copper consumption in the product system. It should be noted that the high amount of copper content in the steel product, downgrades (impairs) steel quality, therefore 0.00% copper is ranked in metals recovery.  

0.1.1.2.10   Manganese:

Manganese consumption in the product is one of the significant impact potentials. Manganese consumption in the product is material-related resource consumption. By going a step back in the raw materials data, the manganese is also used in the all cast irons and steels products, which are included in the LCA. For example, manganese is included in the pig/sponge cast iron in the form of ferromanganese and ferrosilicon manganese. Furthermore the manganese is added in the different steel products in order to settle their required standards e.g. 20CrMn5 quality of steel requires 1.3% of manganese. The database is built by making a manganese balance in the raw material and more manganese alloys are added. The one example of manganese balance is shown in appendix D, table (D1.5) on disposed material.

The manganese content in the recycled material is ranked on the basis of company recycling data (see appendix D, table (D1.4)) and more manganese is added, therefore graph bar is in minus (-). This means that almost 100% manganese is credited after use.

The use stage contributes, but with a very low bar on the graph, which is due to the replaced material included in the use stage. The manufacturing stage is an insignificant stage with a 0.00% contribution.

This resource is 100% credited, therefore it is not significant in resource consumption. But it is a material related resource. The raw material is already added in the later sections therefore by improving raw materials in the product system, manganese resource consumption will reduce. No special parameter is found to be contributing to manganese consumption; therefore it is not discussed separately in the later sections.  

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