List of Figures

• Sampling patterns for (a) 4:2:0 and (b) 4:2:2 formats
• Backward prediction for block matching.
• The block matching algorithm.
• The zig-zag scanning pattern for the DCT coefficients.
• The hierarchy of structures for a H.263 CIF frame.
• A simplified block diagram of an H.263 encoder
• The display sequence of MPEG-encoded pictures.
• (a) Unicast and (b) multicast model for multiparty conferences.
• ATM connection relationships, source: [#!stallings!#].
• The Internet multimedia protocol stack, source: [#!crowcroft!#].
• Temporal error propagation in H.263, source: [#!faerber!#].
• A functional block diagram for a video communications system, source: [#!wang!#].
• Temporal error propagation in H.263 Independent Segment Decoding mode, source: [#!faerber!#].
• A two-description MDC codec, source: [#!wang!#].
• The layout of an RTP H.263 video packet, source: [#!h263rfc!#].
• The decision-taking model adopted for the reliable video communications scheme.
• Original frames, (a) Akiyo frame 111, (b) M&D frame 22.
• Colour components PSNR for (a) Foreman and (b) 5% forced intra-coded Foreman.
• Number of bits per encoded frame for Foreman.
• Foreman frame 111, (a) original, (b) effect of packet loss without GOB sync.
• Foreman PSNR per decoded frame for 5% packet loss.
• Foreman with 5% packet loss inter-coded frame 111, (a) no packet loss, (b) no forced intra, (c) temporal prediction concealment, and (d) 5% forced intra.
• M&D with 5% packet loss inter-coded frame 22, (a) no packet loss, (b) no forced intra, (c) temporal prediction concealment, and (d) 5% forced intra.
• Akiyo with 5% packet loss inter-coded frame 111, (a) no packet loss, (b) no forced intra, (c) temporal prediction concealment, and (d) 5% forced intra.

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