The War of the Rebellion:
A Compilation of the Official Records
of the Union and Confederate Armies

The following is a list of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies with regards to the 28th Thomas' and the 22nd Consolidated Louisiana Infantry Regiments. These records give some historical details as to activities with regards to the regiment that my ancestor, Paul Hebert, Pvt., Co. A., 28th Thomas' Louisiana Infantry Regiment served with during the American Civil War.

Each record that contains a referrence to the 28th Thomas' is listed below. If you would care to read the official record, click on the corresponding link and you will be sent there. Some records contain only referrences in passing while others contain detailed information.

Additional information, comments, corrections, modifications to the list will be welcomed. Please forward them to the e-mail listed below.

OR's Making Referrence to the 22nd Consolidated Louisiana Infantry Regiment

1.	No. 2 -- PAROLE CAMP, Demopolis, Alabama, May 14, 1864. Correspondence from J. B.       GRAYSON, Captain, First Louisiana Artillery to Brig. Gen. E. HIGGINS, Provisional       Army, C. S.
2.	No. 37 -- HDQRS. MILITARY DIVISION OF WEST MISSISSIPPI, OFFICE OF THE CHIEF       SIGNAL OFFICER, New Orleans, La., December 22, 1864. Correspondence from       FRANK W. MARSTON, Major and Chief Signal Officer, Mil. Div. of West Mississippi. to       Lieut. Col. C. T. CHRISTENSEN, Asst. Adjt. Gen. Mil. Div. of West Miss., New Orleans,       La.
3.	No. 10 -- HDQRS. MILITARY DIVISION OF WEST MISSISSIPPI, OFFICE OF THE CHIEF       SIGNAL OFFICER, New Orleans, La., January 23, 1865. Correspondence from S. M.       EATON, Captain and Chief Signal Officer, Mil. Div. of West Mississippi to Lieut. Col. C.       T. CHRISTENSEN, Asst. Adjt. Gen., Military Division of West Mississippi.
4.	No. 16 -- PORT HUDSON, May 11, 1865--11 p.m. Correspondence from WM. H. DICKEY,       Colonel, Commanding District of Morganza. to Captain CLAPP, Assistant Adjutant-      General.
5.	No. 12 -- HDQRS. MILITARY DIVISION OF WEST MISSISSIPPI, OFFICE OF THE CHIEF       SIGNAL OFFICER, New Orleans, La., March 8, 1865.
6.	No. 97 -- Report of Brig. Gen. Randall L. Gibson, C. S. Army, commanding forces on Eastern       Shore of Mobile Bay, of operations March 23-April 11.
7.	No. 10 -- HDQRS. MILITARY DIVISION OF WEST MISSISSIPPI, OFFICE OF THE CHIEF       SIGNAL OFFICER, New Orleans, La., April 4, 1865. Correspondence from A. M.       JACKSON, Major, Tenth U. S. Colored Heavy Artillery. to Lieut. Col. C. T.       CHRISTENSEN, Asst. Adjt. Gen., Military Division of West Mississippi
8.	No. 40 -- CAHABA, ALA., October 16, 1864. to Col. R. H. CHILTON. Correspondence from       D. T. CHANDLER, Assistant Adjutant and Inspector General to Assistant Adjutant and       Inspector General, Richmond, Va.

O.R. -- SERIES I -- VOLUME XXXIX/2 [S#78] [pp #732±]

CONFEDERATE CORRESPONDENCE, ORDERS, AND RETURNS RELATING TO OPERATIONS IN KENTUCKY, SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA, TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND NORTH GEORGIA (THE ATLANTA CAMPAIGN EXCEPTED), FROM MAY 1, 1864, TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1864.--#2

 

PAROLE CAMP, Demopolis, Ala., May 14, 1864.

Brig. Gen. E. HIGGINS, Provisional Army, C. S.:

GENERAL: In obedience to your request I have the honor to forward the following list of men who I think would be willing and anxious to avail themselves of the opportunity to be presented by you--about eighty men from the different companies composing the First Mississippi Light Artillery Regiment. These men are now in this camp and the regiment is divided, one company acting as horse artillery in the cavalry command of Maj. Gen. S. D. Lee, and the others doing provost duty in Mobile. Several of the officers of this regiment have heretofore informed me that they desire such service as is contemplated by you, and I am convinced that upon proper representations a large portion of this regiment if they could be spared from their present duties could be obtained. There are also about forty men in this camp, from the different Louisiana regiments, composing the late Twenty-second Louisiana Volunteers (consolidated), now stationed in Mobile, who would gladly favor such a detail. I am informed, and from a reliable source, that there are now two full companies of the Twenty-seventh Louisiana Volunteers in a parole camp established by Major Coleman, in the parish of Saint Helena, East La. These men are armed, equipped, mounted, and ready for service, and only awaiting exchange. This, together with other detachments of Louisiana regiments on this side of the Mississippi River, were consolidated into the Twenty-second Louisiana. Volunteers aforementioned. There are also a few men of the late Eighth Louisiana Battalion of Heavy Artillery and the Appeal Battery; the last-named battery is now disorganized, or, if organized, is in the Trans-Mississippi Department. There is one fully mounted company of cavalry in this camp, composed of detachments from different regiments, and were acting in that capacity at the time of their capture in Vicksburg. During a visit last fall in the parishes of Saint Tammany and Washington, East La., I found a large number of men, mostly belonging to independent companies of cavalry, who were anxious to attach themselves to a command intended for a service indicated by you, and I believe that a battalion of such men could be raised in that section. I have the honor herewith to forward the inclosed document from Lieutenant Sclater, commanding the Second Alabama Light Artillery. I feel satisfied that this officer could fulfill the statements made in his communication, and would be a most valuable acquisition to your command. The breaking up of the consolidated Twenty-second Louisiana Volunteers would be an excellent opportunity to procure material, as I am informed by officers of that regiment that the men will be permitted to attach themselves to such commands as they may wish. Having thus laid before you, general, an imperfect list of such men as I presume may be obtained for your contemplated brigade, I would respectfully state that a large number <ar78_600> of men would volunteer for such purposes, more especially, if, as you have suggested, the Government would allow prize money upon the capture of vessels.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant.

J. B. GRAYSON,

Captain, First Louisiana Artillery.

[Inclosure.]

 

Captain, First Louisiana Artillery.

[Inclosure.]

CAMP OF PAROLED PRISONERS,

Near Demopolis, May 13, 1864.

Capt. J. B. GRAYSON,

Commanding, &c. :

CAPTAIN: I have the honor to state that there are about twenty men of my company now on parole who would be glad to join me in the service of which you were speaking, and the most of whom could mount themselves. I am also satisfied that if allowed the opportunity I could increase the number to a sufficiency to man a battery of the description mentioned. For myself it is the very service I should like to engage in, and I would bend all my energies not only to recruiting the battery but to rendering it effective.

I have the honor to be, captain, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

JNO. R. SCLATER,

First Lieutenant, Emanuel's Battery.

O.R. -- SERIES I -- VOLUME XLI/4 [S#86] [pp #912±]

UNION CORRESPONDENCE, ORDERS, AND RETURNS RELATING TO OPERATIONS IN LOUISIANA AND THE TRANS-MISSISSIPPI STATES AND TERRITORIES, FROM OCTOBER 16, 1864, to DECEMBER 31, 1864.(*)--#37

 

HDQRS. MILITARY DIVISION OF WEST MISSISSIPPI,

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER,

New Orleans, La., December 22, 1864.

 

Lieut. Col. C. T. CHRISTENSEN,

Asst. Adjt. Gen. Mil. Div. of West Miss., New Orleans, La.:

 

SIR: I have the honor to submit to your consideration a statement of the information received at this office this 22d day of December, 1864, from the following source, the statement of Oscar M. Jackson, scout, who left Mobile on the 16th instant:

Around Mobile on the west side from the bay to Alabama River are three lines of defense. The two outer lines are simply breast-works; the inner lines consist of fourteen forts and redoubts, of which the two next the bay below the city are the strongest. Interval from one line of works to the next is about 600 yards. In the bay, forming prolongation of the inner line, are Batteries Gregg and Gladden. The channel between Gregg and the shore is planted with torpedoes. The deeper channel between Gregg and Gladden is free at present. The obstructions have been completed and no ingress or egress permitted. There are from 5,000 to 6,000 troops in the city, of whom more than half are militia. The regulars are: First Georgia Infantry, 175 men; Twenty-second Louisiana Artillery, acting infantry, number unknown; Twenty-first Alabama Infantry, large regiment, number unknown; Seventeenth Alabama Infantry, number unknown. The militia are: State Reserves, number unknown; British Guards, number unknown; Spanish Guards, number unknown; Pelham Cadets, number unknown; Brooks' cavalry, one company, scout below the city. Maj. Gen. Dabney H. Maury is commanding. Col. Thomas H. Taylor, commands the post. McCulloch's brigade of cavalry, of Forrest's command, and the Fifteenth Confederate Cavalry, Colonel Maury, started about the 10th toward Pollard to meet reported advance of Federal forces from that point. This force confronted and harassed General Davidson near Citronelle; numbers estimated between 3,000 and 4,000. Troops are poorly clad, scantily fed, and in the case of militia and conscripts highly disaffected. General Beauregard has not lately been in Mobile. Lucien Adams is there in high favor. Three months since <ar86_912> Captain Murphy, suspected of being an incendiary and boat-burner, was in Mobile; is believed to be now in New Orleans. He is forty-five or fifty years of age, five feet seven inches high, rather portly, with full face, blue eyes, iron-gray hair, gray side whiskers, no mustache; is said to have caused the conflagration of steamers in New Orleans in June, 1864. A regular carrier between Mobile and New Orleans is one Richardson, twenty-one years of age, five feet seven inches high, slender, with light complexion, brown hair, gray eyes, and with right arm gone just above the elbow.

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

FRANK W. MARSTON,

Major and Chief Signal Officer, Mil. Div. of West Mississippi.

O.R. -- SERIES I -- VOLUME XLIII/1 [S#101] [pp #618±]

UNION CORRESPONDENCE, ORDERS, AND RETURNS RELATING TO OPERATIONS IN LOUISIANA AND THE TRANS-MISSISSIPPI STATES AND TERRITORIES, FROM JANUARY 1, 1865, TO MARCH 31, 1865.(*)--#10

 

HDQRS. MILITARY DIVISION OF WEST MISSISSIPPI,

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER,

New Orleans, La., January 23, 1865.

 

Lieut. Col. C. T. CHRISTENSEN,

Asst. Adjt. Gen., Military Division of West Mississippi:

COLONEL: I have the honor to make the following report of information received at this office this 23d day of January, 1865: William Ross, a deserter from the Second Alabama Battalion, left Mobile January 14, 1865; states that there was at that time much talk of evacuating the city. Scott's command left on the 12th instant for Tupelo and it was expected that McCulloch's cavalry would shortly follow it. McCulloch's command is from Forrest's cavalry, and is composed of the Second Missouri, numbering about 260; the Second Mississippi, numbering about 200; the Eighteenth Mississippi, numbering about 200; total, 660. The troops left in Mobile were the First Louisiana Heavy Artillery, numbering about 250; Twenty-second Louisiana Heavy Artillery, numbering about 150; Winston's battery (five 12-pounders.), 60; Buchanan battery, or Missouri Battery (a naval battery manned by sailors from the gun-boat Gaines, which was beached last summer), 100; total 560. All other troops are home guards and militia, numbering about 2,500 men, armed with Enfield rifles and muskets. About twelve miles from Mobile, at Hall's Mills, on the Pascagoula road, is Colonel Maury's regiment (Fifteenth Regiment Confederate troops), numbering 1,200. General Thomas' command is on the Pascagoula road, facing General Granger. General Thomas' command consists of Colonel Rice's brigade (three regiments) State Reserves, 1,200; brigade (two regiments) State Reserves, 1,500; total State Reserves, 2,700. These troops are pretty well armed, well clothed with a late importation of gray suits from England. The gun-boat Nashville is plated only on the side fronting the bay, and is pierced for six guns (two bow, two stern, and two side guns). The Morgan has seven guns (7-inch). Battery Buchanan is nearest the city, and mounts nine guns, including the "great gun." Opposite Battery Buchanan, 700 yards distant, in the bay is Battery Gladden, numbering 100 men and mounting seven 7-inch guns. Nearly opposite this, and 1,200 yards distant, is Battery McIntosh, numbering 150 men and mounting eight guns---four 10-inch and four 7-inch smooth-bores. The Nashville is in the channel, about one mile below Battery Gladden. H. G. Montague, a deserter from the Fifteenth Confederate Cavalry, states that he has been on duty at headquarters post of Mobile as permanent courier for the general commanding. He left Mobile December 12 with dispatches to Biloxi, &c. He states that with Colonel Maury's regiment, which is 1,200 strong, is Tobin's battery of flying artillery, numbering 150 men and twelve guns (six howitzers and six 12-pounder rifles). This is supposed to be the most efficient light battery in the vicinity of Mobile. There are about 150 Pelham cadets and 200 Tuscaloosa cadets (all boys about sixteen years of age) in Mobile. The commanding officers and others had sent their families away from Mobile. Military men proposed to burn the city in case it was evacuated. The large gun in Battery Buchanan is supposed to be the largest gun in the Confederacy. Below Battery Buchanan, on the Shell road, are three or four l-gun (10-inch) batteries, extending three miles from the city. About 15 men are required to man each gun. At the time informant left they were not manned. Two light guns are <ar101_618> taken down the Shell road on picket duty six miles on tours of three days each. The bay shore is picketed by a few cavalrymen.

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

S. M. EATON,

Captain and Chief Signal Officer, Mil. Div. of West Mississippi.

(Copies furnished General Granger and Commander Palmer for information.)

O.R. -- SERIES I -- VOLUME XLVIII/2 [S#102] [pp #395±]

O.R.--SERIES I--VOLUME XLVIII/2 [S# 102]

UNION CORRESPONDENCE, ORDERS, AND RETURNS RELATING TO OPERATIONS IN LOUISIANA AND THE TRANS-MISSISSIPPI STATES AND TERRITORIES,(*) FROM APRIL 1, 1865, TO JUNE 30, 1865.--#16

 

PORT HUDSON, May 11, 1865--11 p.m.

Captain CLAPP,

Assistant Adjutant-General:

SIR: The following information was sent me to-day by a loyal citizen. That part of it which refers to the crossing of General Hood is. I think, correct: Jeff. Davis staid at Centerville last Sunday night. Hood was at Liberty. Hood crossed the river at Tunica on Tuesday night, attended by Colonels Cunningham and Graham. I hear from a number of sources that Davis crossed the river early in the week. I can get nothing definite, but the impression that he has got over is general <ar102_395> among the citizens. This is confirmed by the fact that Davis' nephew, Captain Bradford, surrendered himself today. Colonel Marks, of the Twenty-second Louisiana, also came in to-day, and says he has no doubt Davis has escaped. I shall send Bradford to Baton Rouge to be tried as a guerrilla. I shall remain here until 12 o'clock for any instructions the commanding general may have to give me. Shall I consider the Fourteenth New York Cavalry relieved by Colonel Fonda's command? No report from Colonel Fonda to-night.

Very respectfully,

WM. H. DICKEY,

Colonel, Commanding District of Morganza.

O.R. -- SERIES I -- VOLUME XLIX/1 [S#103] [pp #385±]

O.R.--SERIES I--VOLUME XLIX/1 [S# 103]

UNION CORRESPONDENCE, ORDERS, AND RETURNS RELATING TO OPERATIONS IN KENTUCKY, SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA, TENNESSEE, NORTHERN AND CENTRAL GEORGIA, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND WEST FLORIDA, FROM JANUARY 1 TO MARCH 15, 1865.(*)--#12

 

HDQRS. MILITARY DIVISION OF WEST MISSISSIPPI,

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER,

New Orleans, La., March 8, 1865.

George W. Mader, late of the C. S. Army Engineers, states that the best way to take Mobile is to take Spanish Fort, Batteries Huger and Tracy, first. Spanish Fort can be approached within 300 yards under cover of dense woods. The works consist of a line of riflepits, with a lunette iii advance on each wing, and the old fort rebuilt in rear of the center of the line as a water battery. They are on high ground. In south lunette is one Brooke 7-inch rifle. No guns in the northern lunette. The fort (water battery) has three 7-inch Brooke and two 10-inch columbiads. Garrison, about 1,800; Colonel Patton, Twenty-second Louisiana, commanding the fort. This includes all the force in the Eastern Dirts. <ar103_865> ion under Maj. Gen. M. L. Smith, including General Liddell's brigade and Colonel Baker's. Battery Huger (on the point between Blakely and Appalachee Rivers) can be easily shelled from Spanish Fort, being one mile distant and much lower; cannot be held long after Spanish Fort surrenders. Battery Huger has ten heavy guns, 7, 8, and 10 inch; also six field pieces and a garrison of 125 men. Has a bomb-proof, commanded by Captain Durrive, Twenty-second Louisiana. Battery Tracy (on right bank of Appalachee River, above Battery Huger) has two 7-inch Brooke guns, one 10-inch columbiad, and two 42-pounders. Garrison, sixty men, commanded by Maj. Washington Marks, Twenty-second Louisiana. There are ten rows of spiles across Blakely River, opposite Battery Huger, and seven rows across Appalachee River; 150 yards below these is a line of torpedoes across both rivers, the torpedoes two feet apart secured to the ends of a log, the other end being sunk by a weight, so that the torpedoes rise and fall with the tide. The spiles are driven two feet below the surface of the water. No obstructions or batteries on the rivers above those mentioned. No obstructions or batteries on the Mobile River above Mobile. Boats of eight or nine feet can go up Blakely River. There is another channel with about the same depth of water in Conway's Bayou, which runs nearly northwest from Big Bateau Bay into Tensas River (as called on most of the maps). The informant calls it Spanish River. The mouth of the Bayou is indicated by an old hulk sunk and projecting from the water. This is the only obstruction in this channel. It is thirty yards wide at the narrowest point. It is considered entirely practicable. If the first route is attempted the spiles could be easily drawn with the proper apparatus. There are no guns at Choctaw Bluffs or Selma mounted, and the gun-boats should go at once to Montgomery. The redoubts around the city are manned by the artillerists of Hood's army who lost their guns. The curtain is manned by citizens (militia). Two brigades from Hood's army (Manigault's and Gibson's) arrived in Mobile just before informant left, February 24. About 18,000 men in and around Mobile with plenty of provisions for a long siege. One-third of them are militia. The informant had charge of the works on the eastern shore up to the time of leaving.

O.R. -- SERIES I -- VOLUME XLIX/1 [S#103] [pp #314±]

O.R.--SERIES I--VOLUME XLIX/1 [S# 103]

MARCH 17-MAY 4, 1865.--The Mobile (Ala.) Campaign.

No. 97.--Report of Brig. Gen. Randall L. Gibson, C. S. Army, commanding forces on Eastern Shore of Mobile Bay, of operations March 23-April 11.

 

MERIDIAN, MISS., April 16, 1865.

MAJOR: I have the honor to submit the following report of the operations of the forces under my command on the eastern shore of Mobile Bay:

On the 23d of March I was ordered by Major-General Maury, commanding District of the Gulf, to report with my brigade to Brig. Gen. St. John R. Liddell, at Blakely, and by him directed to move toward Deer Park, near Fish River, and with two regiments of Holtzclaw's brigade, Col. Bush Jones commanding, and Col. P. B. Spence's cavalry to hold the enemy in observation. The following day I disposed these troops for this purpose, and early the next morning the enemy moved in force on the Durant road toward Sibley's Mills, about two miles to the east beyond Spanish Fort in the direction of Blakely. I had selected a line of battle on the north side of D'Olive's Creek, intending <ar103_314> to dispute its passage and develop him, having already thrown my small cavalry force upon his flanks with orders to harass him. At this point the major-general commanding District of the Gulf came up to offer battle with his whole force, but in consequence of the rapid movement of the enemy to our left and rear, as above indicated, the larger portion of the troops were ordered to Blakely under Brigadier General Liddell, and my instructions were to assume immediate command of the defenses of Spanish Fort. Set apart for this purpose were Brig. Gen. Bryan M. Thomas' brigade of Alabama Reserves, about 950 muskets strong; Col. Isaac W. Patton's artillery, 360 effectives, and my own brigade of 500 rifles, Col. F. L. Campbell commanding. Batteries Huger and Tracy likewise constituted a part of this general command and the garrisons in them, under Maj. Wash. Marks, Twenty-second Louisiana Artillery, formed Patton's artillery, but are not included in the above estimate, for though they rendered valuable services, they only furnished occasional re-enforcements in defense of the field-works near the water battery called Spanish Fort. Upon examination I discovered the line of defense to be about 3,500 yards long, inclosing a battery of four heavy guns in Spanish Fort overlooking the bay, and strengthened by three redoubts, so located that they commanded very well the right and center of the position. The whole artillery consisted of six heavy guns, fourteen field pieces, and twelve Coehorn mortars. Several additional guns were received during the operations. Of this line there were 400 yards on the extreme right, in front of which the forest had been cut down, but no defensive works constructed; about 350 yards in the center, across a deep ravine, in front of which was only a slight curtain partially complete, and about 600 yards on the extreme left with no works of any kind, and the dense forest covering that flank untouched. The three redoubts gave no mutual support, with the exception of two guns in Redoubts 2 and 3, and no cross-fire could be obtained. The main line from Redoubt 3 was retired without any deviation, and the left flank was thrown back and fell off into such low ground that artillery could not be used to any extent along its front as in a regularly laid out crémaillère. The works from Redoubt 3 were placed so far back on the retreating slope that the infantry could only command its crest, but not the ravine beyond; and generally, from the center to the extreme left flank, the enemy's line was upon the highest ground. Such was the extent and incomplete condition of the defenses at Spanish Fort when,on assuming command, I carefully inspected them. It was apparent that an immense work with the spade, pick, and ax was before us, and that some decisive measure must be adopted to prevent the large army already upon our front from coming upon us vigorously or by an onset. At once the main body was disposed along the rifle-pits and set hard to work, though there was quite a deficiency of tools. Special parties were detailed to lay off a long line of battle as far in advance of the position as they could go and to make camp fires along its whole length; and other devices were employed to create an exaggerated impression of our numbers, and to conceal the exact locality of our positions. To gain time, and by show of confidence and boldness to make the enemy cautious, I resolved to attack him before daylight the next morning. Lieut. Col. R. H. Lindsay with 550 men in gallant style charged his lines, surprised and drove in his skirmishers, capturing a few prisoners and a large number of arms and accouterments, and was only recalled after the enemy was revealed in a heavy and extended <ar103_315> order of battle. Our object seemed to be accomplished, for it was not until late in the evening that he advanced, feeling his way cautiously, and making no assault, invested our defenses. My scouts had reported two corps d'armée in front of us (the Thirteenth and Sixteenth), Major-General Canby commanding. From information derived from the prisoners, and from drawings and maps captured with one of the engineers of the Sixteenth Corps, I estimated the force to be not less than 20,000 muskets strong; perhaps much larger. On his first advance he succeeded at some points in pushing his skirmishers to within 200 yards; on the center and right he was driven back. Our artillery fire was reserved until his light batteries came well up, when it was suddenly opened, and it appeared to be with decided effect. On the left the ground was more favorable to the enemy, and to this fact and the want of works may be ascribed the nearness with which he was enabled to establish himself on the right and center he was held at bay to the very close of the operations, nor did he at any time gain any decided advantage without severe contests and heavy losses. He sat down before us and developed rapidly a system of regular approaches by parallels. He gradually converted his advanced lines into heavy works, and after the first week displayed an exceedingly large armament of artillery. The absolute necessity of first completing our lines and the smallness of my force prevented the attempt to meet his approaches by any system of advance. There was a great deficiency of tools. Spades, axes, and every available instrument that could be of service in any way, were kept busy night and day from the commencement to the close.

In the first days of the investment (the third, I believe) Thomas' brigade of Alabama Reserves was relieved by Holtzclaw's and Ector's brigades, both together exceeding Thomas' by about 100 muskets. Large detachments from these commands did not rejoin them. While the transfer was being made my force was greatly swollen, but the troops were for the most part out of position awaiting transportation. Sickness and constant heavy details diminished the number of muskets. For the first ten days my artillery, aided by well.trained sharpshooters, was able to cope with that of the enemy, sometimes silencing his guns, and often broke up his working parties in handsome style; but after this time it was evident, from his overwhelming resources in men and guns, that it would be impossible with the means at my disposal to arrest his gradual advance. While he was steadily digging up to our front and flanks, his fleet kept up a well-directed and heavy fire in our rear, and mortars dropped over the entire surface shells of the largest size; his batteries in rear of his right flank bombarded Batteries Huger and Tracy, exposing our communication, and sweeping the woody flat upon the left flank, enfiladed for several hundred yards that part of the line, and took in reverse--the center and right--the batteries and rifle-pits, so his batteries in front of Redoubt McDermott, No. 2, looked down upon our whole right, and took in reverse the left center and left. Our works were shaped a good deal like a horseshoe pressed open, and those batteries at the toe and heels could command every part of the line, and these batteries were of the weightiest metal. An expedition between us and Blakely in Bay Minette was daily growing more formidable, and it became necessary to guard our water flanks by picket-boats, and to dispose a considerable force to protect our rear and the telegraph lines and the headway against his fleet and barges. Several attempts were made by concentrated bombardment from day to day to demoralize the troops, with the intention to take advantage of any accident, <ar103_316> and likewise repeated efforts to advance his lines without digging, but in each instance he was repulsed with a loss proportioned to the vigor of the attack.

At one time he established himself very close to Redoubt 2, and it became necessary, in order to hold this battery and use it effectively, to dislodge him. It was designed to make a general attack on his part of the line to the extreme right, and Capt. Clement S. Watson, my inspector-general, led the sortie in front of the battery, and was completely successful. This party captured three times their own number of the enemy under cover of our artillery, and the moral effect was still more important, for it inspired our troops with a bolder spirit and the enemy with increased caution. After this the enemy guarded carefully against sudden dashes, and though frequent combats at particular points took place, and a few more sorties were contemplated, none could be undertaken with a reasonable prospect of success. I found by the 8th of April that all my artillery was about silenced; that the enemy had largely increased his; that his working parties, greatly re-enforced at every point and carefully protected against sorties, were pushing forward at a rate that would bring them up to our main works; that the pressure upon my flanks, especially the left, was so heavy that it would take my whole force to resist it successfully; that his preparations of launches in the Bay of Minette had assumed formidable proportions; and, finally, that there was unusual activity and movements in his lines. I determined to develop the situation, to discover as accurately as possible his strength and intentions, and to measure our ability for further defense. It was apparent from his superiority in heavy guns and numbers and the nearness of his approach at several points, that unless extraordinary re-enforcements could be had, the moment had at length arrived when I could no longer hold the position without imminent risk of losing the garrison. Not an officer or man had taken any unbroken rest, except such as they could snatch while on duty in the main works. When there was no fighting there was digging, cutting, moving ammunition, taking down and putting up heavy guns, and repairing damages, and extending the main lines. Two weeks of constant work, night and day, with the musket and spade, failed to discourage, but could not fail to fatigue and jade, the troops. Just at sunset, therefore, all the batteries were ordered to open, and the skirmishers and parts even of the main line to keep up a brisk fire, and all officers to observe the enemy closely, and to hold themselves in readiness for any contingency. My artillery was soon disabled and silenced, and the fire from his advanced lines showed them to be well filled with men--strong lines of battle. Shortly after dark, while the firing was very heavy from all points, and especially upon the flanks, the enemy broke through the line on the extreme left, completely turned the flank of the main works, and captured some of the men in them. He was enabled to do this, for the ground here was covered with water, a marshy and densely wooded flat, and it had been impossible to get earth to throw up works or to make any covering for our men. A battery from an elevated point on the enemy's line, just in front of this flat, swept through it and rendered it almost untenable. He was at once attacked with the force disposed in advance for this very contingency, and the moment General Holtzclaw gave the information, re-enforcements were hastened to him with orders to drive back the enemy by a front and flank attack. The general reported his force not sufficient for this purpose, and there was some confusion among the troops on the extreme left; that in the dark woods and fallen timber the necessary disposition could not be made, and that the enemy was certainly <ar103_317> in overwhelming strength. My staff officers and scouts brought similar intelligence. Col. F. L. Campbell, commanding Gibson's brigade, was at once withdrawn from the right and directed to dispose a part of his command in skirmish order around the enemy, and to post the rest as a rear guard at the headway, so as to hold and secure the retreat. They at once drove back the advancing line of the enemy, and so strong and vigorous were these attacks that they soon compelled his overwhelming and constantly swelling forces to assume the defensive. He set to work to intrench. Our left might have been thrown back and re-established, but the labor for such an undertaking was altogether beyond our ability. Moreover, he had advanced several hundred yards in rear of our works, and the probability arose almost to a certainty that, as soon as he discovered where he really was, a general assault would be ordered; and he surely would ascertain this fact either during the night, or beyond all question at daylight. His lodgment, too, when developed, would have enabled him to cut off retreat. I determined, therefore, to withdraw my troops. My standing orders from Maj. Gen. D. H. Maury, commanding District of the Gulf, had been not to hold Spanish Fort for a moment after the garrison was in danger of capture; not to risk, in the defense of an outpost, forces intended to occupy and defend the stronghold and the works around Mobile. It was always a difficult and delicate task to decide, but I thought the moment had at length arrived, contemplated by my instructions, when, however painful to the devoted defenders, the position had to be given up. The guns were ordered to be spiked, and time was allowed for this purpose; the few remaining stores were issued; the sick and wounded were carefully removed; the infirmary corps and several hundred negroes who arrived that evening to be employed in the defense, and, finally, in good order, the whole garrison was withdrawn. The retreat was along a narrow treadway, about eighteen inches wide, which ran from a small peninsula from the left flank across the river, and over a broad marsh to a deep channel opposite Battery Huger. It was about 1,200 yards long, and was commanded throughout by the enemy's heavy batteries in front of our left flank. It was concealed by the high grass and covered with moss, and the troops pulled off their shoes, and thus, in a noiseless mann,r, succeeded in retiring without attracting the attention of the enemy. The night was rather dark and the movement could not be hurried. From the end of the treadway they were conveyed in light boats to Battery Huger, and thence to Blakely in steamers, except a few under Col. Bush Jones, who was directed to go up the marsh to Blakely. My scouts had already moved along this route with a view of ascertaining whether it was practicable. This was necessary in order to enable all the troops to get beyond range of the enemy's batteries before daylight. From Blakely they were ordered to Mobile by the major-general commanding District of the Gulf.

I regret to report that some of the skirmishers, in spite of the precautions taken and the ample time given, and the pointed inquiries made on the occasion, and the vigilance of brigade commanders and staff officers, which I did not fail to observe, were left upon the lines. The officers in command reported all their men called in and safe. It is to be hoped and presumed that these accidents will be satisfactorily explained. I deeply deplore the capture of even a part of these brave men. I desire to express in the strongest terms my admiration of the steady valor and cheerful endurance of the officers and members of Ector's, Holtzclaw's, and Gibson's brigades, as well as of Patton's artillery. <ar103_318> I thank them for their zealous co-operation and soldierly bearing: Brig. Gen. J. T. Holtzclaw, commanding the left wing; Col. J. A. Andrews, commanding Ector's brigade; Col. Bush Jones, commanding Holtzclaw's brigade; Col. F. L. Campbell, commanding Gibson's brigade; Col. Frank C. Zacharie; Col. Isaac W. Patton, commanding the artillery, and also Brig. Gen. Bryan M. Thomas and Col. D. E. Huger, of the Alabama Reserves. The artillery, under command of Patton, assisted by Marks, Slocomb, Barnes, Théard, Massenburg, Wells, Phillips, Chalaron, Leverich, Garrity, Hawkins, and their associated officers, was handled with skill and courage, and rendered valuable services not only on land, but against the fleet. Three vessels were believed to be sunk during the operations. I desire to make my special acknowledgment to the major-general commanding District of the Gulf, and to his staff officers, particularly to yourself and Colonels Lockett and Elmore, of the engineers. I may be pardoned for commending the intelligence and efficiency of my own staff officers: Capt. C. S. Watson, inspector-general; Capt. George Norton, adjutant-general; Lieuts. Cartwright Eustis and S. L. Ware, my aides-de-camp; Maj. W. V. Crouch, commissary; Maj. J. H. Henshaw, quartermaster, and Capt. W. P. Richardson, ordnance officer, were energetic and untiring. The medical department, in charge of Surgs. J. S. Holt and J. F. Fryar, was conducted in a manner highly creditable to them and their confrères. The Reverend Father Turgis shared our dangers and hardships, and gave the consolation of religion whenever the occasion offered along the trenches and in the hospital. I must refer you to the reports of my subordinate officers for the details of their operations. The losses reported up to the evacuation were 73 killed, 350 wounded, and about half a dozen missing. I have not been able to get the exact number of casualties on the evening of the evacuation. I estimate our loss to have been about 20 killed and 45 wounded, and 250 captured, making a total loss of 93 killed, 395 wounded, and 250 missing, out of a force of less than 2,000 men, contending for two weeks against two corps d'armée and a large fleet, with over seventy-five cannon on land and nearly as many on water. We had no means of estimating the exact loss or strength of the enemy, but from every indication he largely exceeded 20,000 muskets, and his loss must have reached 2,500. Among the killed were Colonel Burnet, chief of artillery of the District of the Gulf, who fell while examining the enemy's lines. His loss was greatly lamented by all of us, who knew and admired him as a skillful soldier and accomplished gentleman. Lieut. A. G. Clark, of my staff, commandant of the post, was killed while charging at the head of the garrison guard to dislodge the enemy when he had turned the left flank. Louisiana has not lost during the war a truer man or a more thorough-going soldier. The list might be prolonged, for, with the position, we left behind, filling soldiers' graves, many of the bravest and best; and if any credit shall attach to the defense of Spanish Fort, it belongs to the heroes whose sleep shall no more be disturbed by the cannon's roar.

I have the honor to remain, your obedient servant,

R. L. GIBSON,

Brigadier-General, Commanding.

 

Maj. D. W. FLOWERREE,

Assistant Adjutant-General, District of the Gulf.

P. S.--I have been constantly occupied, most of the time on horseback, and some of the officers have been absent. This may account for any inaccuracies.

R.L. G.

<ar103_319>

ADDENDA.

Farewell address of Brig. Gen. R. L. Gibson to the Louisiana Brigade after the terms of surrender had been agreed upon between Lieut. Gen. Richard Taylor, C. S. Army, and Maj. Gen. E. R. S. Canby, U.S. Army.

HEADQUARTERS GIBSON'S BRIGADE,

Near Meridian, Miss., May 8, 1865.

FELLOW-SOLDIERS:

For more than four years we have shared together the fortunes of war. Throughout all the scenes of this eventful revolution you have been fully tried, and now retire with the consciousness of having achieved a character for discipline, for valor, and for unselfish patriotism of which you may be justly proud. There is nothing in your career to look back upon with regret. You have always been in front of the enemy; you have never feasted in soft places at the rear, nor fought your battles at comfortable firesides. Your banners are garlanded with the emblems of every soldierly virtue. More than twenty battle-fields have seen them unfurled. They were never lowered save over the bier of a comrade. Forget not the good and true men who have fallen. No sculptured marble may perpetuate the memory of their services, but you will wear their names ever green in your hearts, and they will be enshrined forever in the affections of the Southern people, in whose cause they fell. Comrades, henceforth other duties will devolve upon you. Adversities can only strengthen the ties that bind you to your country and increase the obligations you owe to her interests and her honor. As soldiers, you have been among the bravest and most steadfast, and as citizens, be law abiding, peaceable, and industrious. You have not.surrendered and will never surrender your self-respect and love of country. You separate not as friends, but brethren whom common hopes, mutual trials, and equal disasters have made kinsmen. Hereafter you shall recount to your children, with conscious pride, the story of these rugged days, and you will always greet a comrade of the old brigade with open arms. Having commanded a company and regiment in the brigade, I have known many of you from the very beginning of the struggle, have been with you through all its varied fortunes, and offer to each one of you a grateful and affectionate farewell. May God bless you.

R. L. GIBSON,

Brigadier-General, Commanding.

O.R. -- SERIES I -- VOLUME XLIX/2 [S#104] [pp #225±]

Union Correspondence, Orders, And Returns Relating To Operations In Kentucky, Southwestern Virginia, Tennessee, Northern And Central Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, And West Florida, From March 16 To June 30, 1865.(*)--#10

[ar104_225 con't]

HDQRS. MILITARY DIVISION OF WEST MISSISSIPPI,

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER,

New Orleans, La., April 4, 1865.

Lieut. Col. C. T. CHRISTENSEN,

Asst. Adjt. Gen., Military Division of West Mississippi:

COLONEL: I have the honor to submit to your consideration the following report of information received at this office this 4th day of April, 1865: Bridgeport, on the Alabama River, is at an extreme eastern bend of that stream, and about as near the Pensacola and Montgomery Railroad as any point on that river. The bluff is very high and commands a long view both up and down, and is directly opposite the celebrated canebrake region, which abounds in subsistence of all kinds. From Bridgeport to Allenton (on said railroad) are very large plantations, on all of which are considerable amounts of cotton belonging to the Confederate States Government, among which are the following: Wilmer's, George's, Smith's, Young and Brothers, Jerry Fairs, Judge Cochrane's, Doctor Dortch's, Thomas Beck's, the Sterrett plantation, now Walter Pait's, and Frank Boykin's, nearly all of which are in the vicinity of Camden, Wilcox County, Ala. In the immediate neighborhood of Allenton are also considerable, which may have been removed since the commencement of General Steele's movements. In all this section are large quantities of subsistence, and considerable stock, and wagons sufficient to bring off a large amount of the cotton. The roads from Allenton or Sparta to Camden are very bad in rainy weather. West and southwest of Camden are also large supplies of Government cotton on the plantations of the farmers, who are very wealthy, and all of which is the property of the Confederate States Government. The place referred to is called Canton Benton, but is not quite so near the railroad as the places previously mentioned. The distances from the railroad to these plantations vary from nine to thirty miles. The «15 R R--VOL XLIX, PT II» <ar104_226> warehouse at Bridgeport was filled with cotton a short time ago; possibly some of it may have been removed. Sparta would be the best starting-point, or Evergreen would probably do as well. A refugee from Mobile, March 22, who was clerk at General Maury's headquarters, states that French's division is commanded by General Cockrell, and is composed of Cockrell's old brigade, Sears' and Gibson's brigades, number not known. Thomas' brigade consists of the First and Second Alabama State Reserves (old men). The regiments are quite full. McCulloch's brigade rejoined Forrest's command some time since. Colonel Fuller commands a brigade of heavy artillery, the First Louisiana Heavy Artillery, the Twenty-second Louisiana Infantry, Colonel Patton; the Twenty-first Alabama, Lieutenant Colonel Williams, and the batteries from Hood's army, including Tobin's, Garrity's, and Culpeper's. General Liddell commands a division of his own, Baker's and Holtzclaw's brigades. Holtzclaw's brigade consists of the Thirty-second, Thirty-sixth, Thirty-eighth, and Eighteenth Alabama Infantry. The Twenty-first Alabama occupy part of the water defenses and the Twenty-second Louisiana the rest.

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

A. M. JACKSON,

Major, Tenth U. S. Colored Heavy Artillery.

(In absence of Capt. S. M. Eaton, chief signal officer, Military Division of West Mississippi.)

[Inclosure.]

O.R. -- SERIES I -- VOLUME VII [S#120] [pp #999±]

O.R.--SERIES II--VOLUME VII [S# 120]

UNION & CONFED. CORRESPONDENCE, ORDERS, ETC., RELATING TO PRISONERS OF WAR AND STATE FROM APRIL 1, 1864, TO DECEMBER 31, 1864.--#40

 

CAHABA, ALA., October 16, 1864.

Col. R. H. CHILTON,

Assistant Adjutant and Inspector General, Richmond, Va.:

COLONEL: I have the honor to forward the following report of my inspection of the post of Cahaba, under the command of Lieut. Col. S. Jones, Twenty-second Louisiana Regiment, and of the prison at this place for the confinement of Federal prisoners of war, under the immediate direction of Capt. H. A.M. Henderson, assistant commissioner of exchange:

The prison, of which I send a diagram herewith, is located immediately on the bank of the Alabama River, and was established under orders for the accommodation of 500 prisoners. Until taken for its present use the building was an old brick cotton-shed, around which has been erected a stockade, mainly composed of two-inch plank, set three feet in the ground, and about twelve feet high. About one-half the building, the central portion, is without a roof, and there are no inner walls. Good water, in sufficient quantity for the number originally intended, is supplied the prisoners from an artesian well in the vicinity, whence it is conducted in pipes under ground to the interior of the prison, when it flows into three sunken barrels, and thence through the sink into the river. There are bunks for about 500. No chimneys or means of warming the inclosure, and the smoke from open fires, which were built within the area for cooking purposes, was found insupportable, and the food has now to be prepared by squad cooks in the open air in that portion of the inclosure marked prison yard in the accompanying sketch. <ar120_999>

Owing to the recent large increase in number the present arrangements have been found entirely insufficient. At my suggestion the following are being or about to be made: The stockade and sink will be enlarged, as shown by the dotted lines on the accompanying diagram; a suitable cook-house and bake-oven is to be erected within the inclosure; one-half of the central portion of the building, now uncovered, to be roofed in, and all of the prison that will then be covered to be planked in from the roof down; a large portion of the water which had been diverted from the pipes leading to the prison by a citizen for his private convenience I have had turned on again, and the prisoners will have a sufficiency for all purposes as soon as a reservoir is constructed, which the commanding officer promises to have done.

Notwithstanding these improvements great suffering and much sickness will necessarily occur among the prisoners during this winter from the impracticability of making fires inside the building and the inability to furnish them with proper clothing and bedding. Most of them are now much in need of clothing, and nearly all are without blankets or other bedding. A very insufficient supply of cooking utensils has been furnished them, and there are but three worn-out axes for the use of the whole number, in consequence of which they are unable to prepare their rations, which are issued to them uncooked. Their food has consisted exclusively of bread and meat, two issues of rice only, of five days each, having been made them since June last, and no peas or beans in lieu of it, those on hand being utterly unfit for use. The reason assigned by the assistant commissary of subsistence for this failure (the guard forces having received rice regularly during this time) is that he was not ordered to issue it. The commanding officer states that he was under the impression they always received it. The prisoners are divided into companies of 100, under a sergeant of their own selection, and these companies subdivided into messes of ten. One of their own number acts as commissary sergeant, draws and distributes their rations to the sergeants of companies.

Their money, watches, and other valuables are taken from them on their arrival at the prison and credited to them in books kept for that purpose. A purchasing clerk has been appointed, whose duty it is (in addition to those he performs as druggist of the prison) to receive their orders for such articles as they need, and if their accounts warrant, make the necessary purchases for them, credit in Confederate money being allowed them for "greenbacks" at dollar for dollar only. A considerable amount of U.S. currency has thus accumulated in the hands of Captain Henderson. What disposition has been made of it I could not learn officially, he being absent from the post. There are now in the prison thirty-two very sick and about forty wounded prisoners, who, according to Surg. R. H. Whitfield, in special charge of the sick in prison, should be in hospital, but cannot be removed for want of the necessary accommodation. In addition there are a number of cases of scurvy.

The sick and wounded of the guard forces and of the prisoners are treated in the same hospital, which is under the charge of Surg. L. E. Profilet. This building is kept in good police, but the accommodations are entirely inadequate for the present number of patients. Some additional rooms in the same building, occupied by other parties, have at my suggestion been engaged, which, with part of a contiguous house that the commanding officer has promised me to have procured and have fitted up, will be sufficient for present needs. <ar120_1000>

Capt. J. J. Wheadon, the assistant commissary of subsistence of this post, in addition to his duties as such, is charged with the purchase and collection of subsistence stores in four counties, Wilcox, Monroe, Clarke, and Dallas, below Cahaba River. He also receives and collects all subsistence for tax in kind from those counties, having nineteen depots. This collection of tax in kind is made by him in the name of Maj. Thomas T. A. Lyon, district commissary of subsistence at Mobile. These additional duties which have been devolved upon him render it necessary to be so frequently absent from this post that it is not in his power to perform his duties as post commissary of subsistence properly, and they are not attended to as they should be, it is believed, in consequence.

No vinegar has been issued to troops or prisoners for some months past, nor has there been any on hand fit for use, although Captain Wheadon informs me that good vinegar could readily be obtained at Mobile by writing for it. I examined his accounts, and also those of the post quartermaster, Lieut. V. Renaud, post assistant commissary of subsistence, and found them in possession of the balances due the Government.

The available forces for guard, &c., are the Trans-Mississippi Battalion, 55 effective; two companies Alabama reserves, infantry, 82 effective, and one company cavalry, Alabama reserves, 24 effective; total, 161 men and 18 detailed men, and two small pieces field artillery. These men are badly armed and their discipline and instruction are very inferior. Owing to the small number, they are on duty every other day, and they are totally inadequate for the duties required of them. About fifty of them, belonging to regiments in the Army of Tennessee, are under orders from Richmond to rejoin their commands, but cannot be relieved from their present duty until their places are filled by other troops. The prisoners have a sufficient organization, having been divided into companies and squads for police and messing purposes, and need only a little determination and a leader to enable them at any time to overpower the feeble garrison. Some few might be killed, but the majority could easily effect their escape. There are no other troops in the vicinity except detailed soldiers and a small provost guard at Selma, nine miles north of this place.

There are ten Federal officers here on parole, who are required to confine themselves within certain limits, and who are not permitted communication with the inhabitants except for prescribed purposes. Living in quarters furnished them in the town, they are much more comfortable than the other prisoners, and express themselves perfectly satisfied with their treatment.

This is an eligible locality for a prison depot, not only for the facilities of transportation of prisoners and supplies, but for subsisting them cheaply and procuring for them vegetable food from the adjacent country which cannot well be sent to the armies in the field. It also appears to be almost inaccessible to raids while the present status is preserved at Mobile. If it is determined to retain a depot for Federal prisoners in this section of country, an excellent site for that purpose can be had about one mile from this point, on the plantation of Mr. Matthews, where there is suitable ground now unoccupied for the erection of a large stockade. From ten to twenty-five acres could be inclosed if desired, embracing at one end a fine oak grove; an artesian well of good water is on the premises, and another within a short distance, which would answer for the guard forces. This site is on high <ar120_1001> and level ground and its distance from the river renders it more healthy and safe. Pine timber and a saw-mill are near at hand. The fuel which is now hauled for the prisoners at great expense is brought from this vicinity.

There is an aggregate of 2,151 prisoners of war now confined at this place, of whom 69 are in hospital, and 75 who would be but for the want of accommodations. The commanding officer promises that anti-scorbutics (pumpkins, potatoes, &c.) shall be issued to them in future, and that rice shall be issued regularly to them as to the troops. The assistant commissary of subsistence informs me that these articles can be procured without any difficulty. Is tobacco a part of the ration for prisoners? If so, please cause the commanding officer to be notified.

I inclose herewith--No. 1, list of staff officers at post of Cahaba;(*) No. 2, diagram of Federal prison at Cahaba.

We leave this place to morrow for Jackson, Miss., and request that all official communications to Major Hall and myself be forwarded to that place, care of the assistant adjutant-general, district headquarters.

I am, colonel, with great respect, your obedient servant,

D. T. CHANDLER,

Assistant Adjutant and Inspector General.

[ First indorsement.]

ADJUTANT AND INSPECTOR GENERAL'S OFFICE,

October 26, 1864.

Respectfully submitted to the Secretary of War.

It appears from this report that many necessaries easily to be obtained are not procured for the prisoners from inefficiency of the officers in charge; hospital room especially, which was obtained (Ill the suggestion of Colonel Chandler. An extract respecting the fifty Tennesseeans and insufficiency of the guard has been sent to General Taylor, commanding the department. This prison is another exemplification of the necessity of placing all under the control of one competent officer.

By order of General Cooper:

R. H. CHILTON,

Assistant Adjutant and Inspector General.

[Second indorsement.]

NOVEMBER 2, 1864.

Mr. S[HEPHERD]:

Make extracts of the parts applicable to the different branches of administration and send to the heads of bureaus.

J. A. S.

[Third indorsement.]

NOVEMBER 2, 1864.

ADJUTANT-GENERAL:

That part showing the insecurity of the prison should be sent to General Withers, and he be requested to furnish more complete guard from the reserves.

J. A. S.

<ar120_1002>

DIAGRAM OF FEDERAL PRISON AT CAHABA, ALA.[bitmap]

<ar120_1003>

 

Referrence:
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
as illustrated on the CD by Guild Press of Indiana, Inc.

 

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