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Grammar for
foreigner:
ESL-52
ESL-53
Dictionary:
More style at: Sogofashion
Contents: 8.
Connecting Ideas 9.
Comparisons 10.The
Passive
11.Cont/Noncount
Nouns and Articles
12.Ajective
Clauses 13.Gerunds and Infinitives
14.Noun
Clauses Appendix:
Phrasal Verbs Preposition Combinations
| 8-1 Connecting Ideas With AND | |
| Connecting Items Within A Sentence | When and connects only two words (or phrases) within a sentence, No Comma is used, as in (a). When and connects three or more items within a sentence, Commas are used, as in (b). |
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(a) No Comma: I saw a cat and
a mouse.
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| Connecting Two Sentences | When and connects two complete sentences (also called independent clauses), a comma is usually used, as in (c). |
| (c) Comma: I saw a cat, and you saw a mouse. | |
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(d) Period: I saw a cat.
You saw a mouse. Incorrect: I saw a cat, you saw a mouse. |
Without and, two complete sentences are separated by a period, as in (d), NOT a comma. A complete sentence begins with a capital letter; note that You is capitalized (d). |
| 8-2 Connecting Ideas With But and Or | |
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(a) I went to bed but couldn’t sleep. |
And , but, and or are called” conjunctions.” Like and,
but and or can connect items within a sentence. Commas are used with a series of three or more items, as in (c). |
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I dropped the vase. = a sentence It didn’t break. = a sentence (d) I dropped the vase, but it didn’t break. (e) Do we have class on Monday, or is Monday a holiday? |
A comma is usually used when but or or combines two complete (independent) sentences into one sentence, as in (d) and (e). |
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8-3 Connecting Ideas With So |
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(a) The room was dark, so I turned on a light |
So can be used as a conjunction. It is preceded by a comma. It connects the ideas in two independent clauses. |
| (b) Compare: The room was dark, but I didn’t turn. | But often expresses an unexpected result, as in (b). |
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8-4 Using Auxiliary Verbs After But and And |
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(a) I don’t like coffee, but
my husband does. (b) I like tea, but my husband doesn’t. (c) I won’t be here tomorrow, but Sue will. (d) I’ve seen that movie, but Joe hasn’t. (e) He isn’t here, but she is. (f) I don’t like coffee, and Ed doesn’t either. (g) I like tea, and Kate does too. (h) I won’t be here, and he won’t either. (i) I’ve seen that movie, and Pat has too. (j) He isn’t here, and Anna isn’t either. |
In (a): does = likes coffee. After but and and, often only an auxiliary verb is used. It has the same tense or modal as the main verb.
negative
+ but + affirmative |
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8-5 Using And + Too, So, Either, Neither |
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(a) Sue works, and Tom does too. |
(a) and (b) have the same meaning. Word order: subject + auxiliary + too so + auxiliary + subject |
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(c) Ann doesn’t work, and Joe doesn’t
either. |
(c) and (d) have the dame meaning. |
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(e) A: I’m hungry. (f) A: I’m hungry. |
And is usually not used when there are two
speakers. |
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8-6 Connecting Ideas With Because |
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Main Clause Adverb Clause (a) (He drank water) (because he was thirsty.) (no comma) Adverb Clause Main Clause (b) (Because he was thirsty,) (he drank water.) (comma) |
A main clause is a complete sentence. |
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(c) Incorrect in Writing: He drank water. Because he was thirsty. |
(c) is incorrect in written English: because he was thirsty cannot stand alone as a sentence that starts with a capital letter and ends with a period. It has to be connected to a main clause, as in (a) and (b). |
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(g) Correct in Speaking: A: Why did he drink some water? B: Because he was thirsty. |
In spoken English, an adverb clause can be used as the short answer to a question. |
| 8-7 Connecting Ideas With Even Though/ Although | |
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(a) Even though I was hungry, I did not
eat. I did not eat even though I was hungry. (b) Although I was hungry, I did not eat. I did not eat although I was hungry. |
Even though and although
introduce an adverb clause. (a) and (b) have the same meaning. they mean: I was hungry, but I did not eat. |
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Compare |
Because expresses an expected result. |