英语小镇

15-1 Gerunds and Infinitives: for and in order to
(1) I went to the store for some bread. (2) I went to the store to buy some bread.	For can be used to express purpose, but it is a preposition and is followed by a noun object.
To express purpose use (in order ) to , not for, with a verb. Exception: The phrase be used for .
Expresses the typical or purpose of a thing. In this case, the preposition *for* is followed by a gerund:
A saw is used for cutting wood.	Also possible: A saw *is used to cut* wood.
However, to talk about particular situation, *be used* + an infinitive is used:	A chain *was used to cut* (Not for cutting down the old oak tree.)
15-2 Using Gerunds or Passive Infinitives following Need
(a) I need to borrow some money. (b) John needs to be told the truth. (c) The house needs painting. (d) The house *needs to be painted.*	Usually an infinitive follow *need, as in (a), (b). In certain circumstances, a gerund may follow need.* In this case, the gerund carries a passive meaning. Usually the situation involve fixing or improving something. (c) and (d) have the same meaning.
15-3 Using a possessive to modify a gerund
We came to class late. Mr. Lee complained about that fact. (a) Formal: Mr. Lee complained about *our coming* to class late * (b) Informal: Mr. Lee companied about *us coming* to class late.	(1) formal English, a possessive adjective (*our) is used to modify a gerund. (2) In informal English, the object form of a pronoun (us) is frequently used, as in (b). Coming to class late occurred before Mr. Lee complained, so past gerund is also possible: Mr. Lee complained about our having come to class late.
(c) Formal: Mr. Lee complained about *Mary's coming* to class late. (d) Informal: Mr. Lee complained about Mary coming to class late.	In very formal English, a possessive noun (Mary's) is used to modify a gerund. The possessive form is often not used in informal English, as in (d).
15-4 Using Verbs of perception
(a) I saw my friend run down the street.* (b) I saw friend running down the street.* (c) I heard the rain fall on the roof. (d) I heard the rain falling on the roof.	Certain verbs of perception are followed by either the simple from or the -ing form of a verb. There is often little different in meaning between the two forms, except that the -ing form usually give the idea of "while". in (b).
(e) When I walked into the apartment, I heard my roommate singing in the shower. (f) I heard a famous opera sing at the concert last nigh.	Sometimes (not always) there is a clear difference between using the simple form or the -ing form. The use of the -ing form give the idea that an activity is already in progress when it is perceived, as is (e): The singing was in progress when I first heard it . In (f): I heard the singing from beginning to end. It was not in progress when I first heard it.

The simple form of a verb= the infinitive form to without "to." Incorrect: I saw my friend to run down the street.* The -ing form refers to the present participle.* The -ing form refers to the present participle.
15-5 Using the simple form after lot and help
(a) My father *lets* me drive his car. (b) I let my friend borrow my bicycle. (c) *Let's go* to a movie.	*Let* is followed by the simple form of a verb, not an infinitive. Incorrect: My father let me to drive his car.
(d) My brother helped me wash my car. (e) My brother helped me to wash my car.	Help is often followed by the simple form of a verb, as in (d). AN infinitive is also possible, as in (e). Both (d) and (e) are correct.
15-6 Using causative verbs: Make, Have, get
(a) I *made* my brother carry my suitcase. (b) I *had* my brother *carry* my suitcase. (c) I *got* my brother *to carry* my suitcase. Forms: X makes Y do something (simple form) X has Y do something (simple form) X gets Y to do something (infinitive)	*Make, have* and get can be used to express the idea that "X" cause "Y" to do something. When they are used as causative verbs, their meanings are similar about not identical. In (a): My brother had no choice. I insisted that he carry my suitcase. In (b): My brother carried my suitcase because I asked him to. In (c): I managed to persuade my brother to carry my suitcase.
Causative Make: (d) Mrs. Lee *made* her son *clean* his room. (e) Sad movies make me *cry*.	Causative *make* is followed by the simple form of a verb, not on infinitive. Incorrect: She made him to clean his room. Make give the idea that "X" forces "Y" to do something. In (d): Mrs. Lee's son had no choice.
Have: (f) Mrs. Lee *had* the plumber repair the leak. (g) Jane had the waiter bring her some tea.	Causative *have* is followed by the simple form of a verb, not an infinitive. Incorrect: I had him to repair the leak. *Have* gives the idea that "X" requests "Y" to do something. In (f): The plumber repaired the leak because I asked him to.
Causative Get: (h) The students got the teacher *to dismiss* class early. (i) Jack *got* his friends *to play* soccer with him after school.	*Get* is followed b an infinitive. *Get* gives the idea the "X" persuade "Y" to do something. In (h): The students managed to persuade the teacher to let them leave early.
Passive Causatives: (j) I *had* my watch repaired (by someone). (k) I got my watch repaired ( by someone).	The past participle is used after *have* and *get* to give a passive meaning. In this case, there is usually little or no difference in meaning between *have* and *get*. In (j) and (k): I caused my watch to be repaired by someone.

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