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Grammar for foreigner:
ESL-52
ESL-53
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Your Journal
Spelling
Rule
Dictionary:
Contents: 8.
Connecting Ideas 9.
Comparisons 10.The
Passive
11.Cont/Noncount
Nouns and Articles
12.Ajective
Clauses 13.Gerunds and Infinitives
14.Noun
Clauses Appendix:
Phrasal Verbs Preposition Combinations
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10-1 Form of The Passive( be + past participle) |
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Active Passive |
| Simple Present | Farmers grow corn.------------------------- Corn is grown by farms. |
| Simple Past | The news surprised Sara.-------------------- Sara was surprised by the news. |
| Present Perfect | Jack has mailed the letter.-------------------- The letter has been mailed by jack. |
|
Future |
Mr. Lee will plan
the meeting.----------The meeting will be planned
by Mr. Lee. Sue is going to write the report.-------The report is going to be written by Sue. |
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10-2 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs |
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(a)
Transitive |
A transitive verb is
a verb that is followed by an object. An object is a noun or a pronoun. An intransitive verb is a verb that is not followed by an object. |
|
(c)
Transitive verbs Active: Bob mailed the letter. Passive: The letter was mailed by Bob. (d) Intransitive Active: An accident happed. Passive: (not possible) (e) Incorrect: An accident was happened. |
Only transitive verbs can
be used in the passive. An intransitive verb is NOT used in the passive. |
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10-3 Using the by-Phrase |
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(a) This sweater was made by my aunt. |
The by-phrase is used in passive sentences when it is important to know who performs an action. In (a) : by my aunt is important information. |
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(b) My sweater was made in Korea. (c) Spanish is spoken in Colombia. (d) That house was built in 1940. (e) Rice is grown in many countries. |
usually there is on by-phrase
in a passive sentence. The passive is used when it is not known or not important to know exactly who performs an action. In (b): The exact person who made the sweater is not known and is not important to know, so there is no by-phrase in the passive sentence. |
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(f) My aunt is very skillful. She
made this sweater. |
Usually the active is used when the speaker knows who
performed the action, as in (f), where the focus of
attention is on my aunt. |
|
10-4 The Passive Forms of The Present and Past Progressive |
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| Active | Passive | |
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The secretary is copying
some (a) Some letters are being letters. copied by the secretary. Someone is building a new (b) A new hospital is being hospital. built. |
Passive form of the present
progressive: (am is are) + being + past participle |
|
|
The secretary was
copying (c) Some
letters were being some letters. copied by the secretary. Someone was building a (d) A new hospital was being new hospital. built. |
Passive form of the past
progressive: (was
were) + being + past participle |
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|
10-5 Passive Modal Auxiliaries |
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Bob will mail it. |
Form: modal + be + Past participle |
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10-6 Using Past Participles as Adjectives |
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Be + Adjective |
Be can be followed by an adjective.
Be can be followed by a past participle. |
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(c) Paul is married
to Sudan. (d) Paul was excited about the game. (e) Paul will be prepared for the exam. |
Often the past participle in these expressions are followed by particular prepositions + an object. |
| 10-7 Participles as Adjectives: -ed vs.-ing | |
|
Indian art interests me. (a) I am interested in Indian art. Incorrect: I am interesting in Indian art. (b) Indian art is interesting. Incorrect: Indian art is interested.
The news
surprised Kate. |
The past participle (-ed)
and the present participle (-ing ) can be used as adjectives. In (a): The past participle (interested) describes how a person feels. In (b): (interesting) describes the cause of the feeling. The cause o f the interest is Indian art. In (c): surprised describes how a Kate felt. The past participle carries a passive meaning: Kate was surprised by the news. In (d): the news was the cause of the surprise. |
|
(e) Did you hear the
surprising news? (f) Roberto fixed the broken window. |
Like other adjectives, participial adjectives may follow be, as in examples (a) through (d), or come in front of nouns, as in (e) and (f). |
| 10-8 Get + Adjective; Get + Past Participle | |
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Get + Adjective (a) I am getting hungry. Let's eat. (b) Eric got nervous before the job interview. |
Get can be
followed by an adjective. Get gives the
idea of change-the idea of becoming, beginning to be,
growing to be. In (a): I' m getting hungry. = I wasn't hungry before, but now I'm beginning to be hungry. |
|
Get + Past Participle (c) I'm getting tired. Let's stop working. (d) Steve and Rita got married last month. |
Sometimes get ids followed by a past participle. The past participle after get is like an adjective; it describes the subject of the sentence. |
| 10-9 Using Be used/Accustomed To and Get Used/Accustomed To | |
|
(a) I am used to
hot weather. (b) I am accustomed to hot weather.
(c) I am used to
living in a hot climate. |
(a0 and (b) have the same
meaning: " Living in a hot climate is usual and normal
for me. I'm familiar with what it is like to live in a
hot climate. Hot weather isn't strange or different or
me." Notice in (c) and (b): to (a preposition) is followed by the-ing form of a verb (a gerund). |
| (e) I just moved form Florida to Sibeeria. I have never lived in a cold climate before, but I am getting used to (accustomed to) the cold weather here. | In (e): I'm getting used to/accustomed to =something is beginning to seem usual and normal to me. |
| 10-10 Used To vs. Be used To | |
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(a) I used to live
in Chicago, but now I live in Tokyo. Incorrect: I used to living in Chicago. Incorrect: I am used to live to live in a big city. |
In (a): Used to expresses the habitual past. It is followed by the simple form of a verb. |
| (b) I am used to living in a big city. | In (b): be used to is followed by the -ing form of a verb (gerund). |
| 10-11 Used Be Supposed To | |
|
(a) Mike is supposed
to call me tomorrow. ( Idea: I expect Mike to call me tomorrow.) (b) We are supposed to write a composition. ( Idea: The teacher expects us to write a composition.) |
Be supposed to
is used to talk about an activity or event that is
expected to occur. In (a): The idea of is supposed to is that Mike is expected (by me) to call me. I asked him to call me. He promised to call me. I expect him to call me. |
|
(c)
Alice was supposed to be home at ten, but
she didn't get in until midnight. |
In the past form, be supposed to often expresses the idea that an expected event did not occur, as in (c). |