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ESL-54

   English-60A.B

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Contents:  8. Connecting Ideas  9. Comparisons 10.The Passive
               11.Cont/Noncount Nouns and Articles  
               12.Ajective Clauses  13.Gerunds and Infinitives
               14.Noun Clauses  Appendix: Phrasal Verbs Preposition Combinations

12-1 Adjective Clauses: Introduction
            Adjective          Adjective Clauses
An adjective modifies a noun, "Modify" means to change a little. An adjective describes or gives information about the noun. An adjective clause modifies a noun. It describes or gives information about a noun.
An adjective usually comes in front of a noun. An adjective clause follows a noun.
                    adjective                 noun
(a) I met a       kind                      man		                    noun           adjective clause
(b) I met a    man        who is kind to everybody.

1.I met a man = an independent clause; it is a complete sentence.
2. who lives in Chicago = a dependent clause; it is NOT a complete sentence.

 A clause is structure that has a subject and a verb.
A independent clause is a main clause and can stand alone as a sentence.
A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence; it must be connected to a independent clause.

12-2 Using Who and Whom in Adjective Clauses
                                        S       V
(a) The man is friendly.    He   lives   next to me.
                                      who
                                      S            V
                                     who   lives   next to me
(b) The man   who lives next to me is friendly.		 In (a): He is a subject pronoun. He refers to "the man."
To make an adjective clause, change he to who.
Who is a subject pronoun. Who refers to " the man."
In (b): An adjective clause immediately follows the noun it modifies.
Incorrect: The man is friendly who lives next to me.
                                                        S       V            o
(c) The man was friendly.   I    met     him.
                                                       whom
                                          S         V          o
                                      whom   I     met

(d) The man  whom  I met    was friendly.		 In (c): him is an object pronoun. Him refers to "the man."
To make an adjective clause, change him to whom.
Whom is an object pronoun.
Whom refers to "the man."
Whom comes at the beginning of an adjective clause.
In (d): An adjective clause immediately follows the noun it modifies.
Incorrect: The man was friendly whom I met.

12-3 Using Who, Who(M), and That in Adjective
                                                      S            V
(a) The man is friendly.    He   lives next to me.
                                      who
                                     that
                        s         v
(b) The man   who   lives   next to me is friendly.
(c) The man   that   lives   next to me is friendly.		 In addition to who, that can be used as the subject of an adjective clause.
(b) and (c) have the same meaning.
A subject pronoun cannot be omitted
Incorrect: The man lives next to me is friendly.
Correct:  The man who/that lives next to me is friendly.
                                        s      v          o
(d) The man was friendly.  I    met     him.
                                                        whom
                                                        that
                                   o          s     v    
(e) The man   who(m)   I    met  was  friendly.
     The man   that         I    met  was  friendly.
     The man   Ø            I    met  was  friendly.
　		 In addition to who(m), that can be used as the object in an adjective clause'

(e) and (f) have the same meaning.
An object pronoun can be omitted from an adjective clause. (e), (f) and (g) have the same meaning.
In (g) The symbol "Ø   " means "nothing goes here."

12-4 Using Which and That in Adjective Clauses
                                         S            V
(a) The river is polluted    It    flows through the town.
                                      which
                                     that
                          s         v
(b) The river  which  flows through the town is polluted.
(c) The river  that   flows through the town is polluted.		 Who and whom refer to people. Which refers to things. That can refer to either people or things.
In (a): To make an adjective clause, changes it to which or that. It, which, and that all refer to a thing (the river).
(b) and (c) have the same meaning,
When which and that are used as used as the subject of an adjective clause, they CANNOT be omitted.
Incorrect: The river flows through the town is polluted.
                                                 s       v                o
(d) The books were expensive.  I    bought    them.
                                                                    which
                                                                    that
                                     o           s       v    
(e) The books  which I   I    bought  were expensive.
     The books   that        I    bought  were expensive.
     The books    Ø          I    bought  were expensive. 		Which or that can be used as as object in an adjective clause, as in (e) and (f).
An object pronoun can be omitted from an adjective clause, as in (g). (e), (f), and (g) have the same meaning.

12-5 Singular and Plural Verbs in Adjective Clauses

 (a) I know the man who is sitting over there.

(b) I know the people who are sitting over there.
12-6 Using Prepositions in Adjective Clauses
                                                       prep         Obj
(a) The man was helpful.  I  talked     to          him.
                         Obj                       prep
(b) The man   whom      I  talked    to     was helpful. (c) The man   that         I   talked    to     was helpful.
(b) The man   Ø            I   talked     to      was helpful.
                     prep        Obj  
(e) The man    to        whom  I talked was helpful.		 Whom, which, and that can be used as the object of a preposition in an adjective  clause.
Reminder: An object pronoun can be omitted from an adjective clause, as in (d) and (i).
In very formal English, a preposition comes at the beginning of an adjective clause, as in (e) and (j). The preposition is followed by either whom or which (not that or who), and the pronoun cannot be omitted.
12-7 Using Whose in Adjective Clauses
(a) The man called the police.   His car     was stolen.
                                            whose car
(b) The man whose car was stolen called the police.		 Whose shows possession.
In (a): His car can changed to whose car to make an adjective clause.

　
(c) I know a girl.    Her brother     is a movie star.
                             whose brother
(d) I know a girl.  whose brother  is a movie star.
(e) The people were friendly. We bought their house.
                                                              whose house
(f) The people  whose house we bought were friendly.

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