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Grammar for foreigner:

ESL-52

ESL-53

ESL-54

English-60A.B

Dictionary:

Contents: 8. Connecting Ideas 9. Comparisons 10.The Passive
               11.Cont/Noncount Nouns and Articles
               12.Ajective Clauses 13.Gerunds and Infinitives
               14.Noun Clauses  Appendix: Phrasal Verbs Preposition Combinations

9-1 Making Comparisons With As...As
(a) Tina is 21 years old. Sam is also 21. Tina is as old as Sam (is). (b) Mike came as quickly as he could.	As…as is used to say that the two parts of a comparison are equal or the same in some way. In (a): as + adjective + as In (b): as + adverb +as
(c) Ted is 20. Tina is 21. Tina is 21. Ted is not as old as Tina. (d) Ted isn’t quite as old as Tina. (e) Amy is 5. She isn’t nearly as old as Tina.	Negative form: *not as (or so)…as* *Quite* and *nearly* are often used with the negative. In (d): not quite as…as = a small difference. In (e) not nearly as…as = a big difference.
(f) Sam is just as old as Tina. (g) Ted is nearly/almost as old as Tina.	Common modifiers of *as…as* are just (meaning “exactly”) and nearly/almost.
9-2 Comparative and Superlative
(a) “A” is older than “B.” (b) “A” and “B” are older than “C” and “D.” (c) Ed is *more generous than* his brother.	The comparative compares this to that or these to those.
(d) “A,” “B,” “C,” are sisters. “A” is *the oldest* of all four sisters. (e) A woman in Turkey claims to be the oldest person in the world. (f) Ed is the most generous person in his family.	The superlative compares one part of a whole group to all the rest of the group. Notice: A superlative begins with *the*.
9-3 Completing and Comparative
(a) I’m older than *my brother* (is). (b) I’m older than he is. (c) I’m older than *him*. (informal)	In formal English, a subject pronoun follows *than, as in (b). In everyday informal spoken English, an object pronoun often follows than*, as in (c).
(d) He works harder than *I do.* (e) I arrived earlier than they did.	Frequently an auxiliary verb follows the subject after *than. In (d): than I do = than I work*.
(f) Ann’s hair is longer than Kate’s (g) Jack’s apartment is smaller than mine.	A possessive noun or pronoun may follow *than.*
9-4 Modifying Comparatives
(a) Tom is very old. (d) Ann drives *very* carefully.	*Very* often modifies adjective, as in (a), and adverbs, as in (b).
(c) Incorrect: Tom is very older than I am. Incorrect: Ann drives very more carefully than she used to.	Very is NOT used to modify comparative adjectives and adverbs.
(d) Tom is *much/a lot/far* older than I am. (e) Ann drives *much/a lot/ far* more carefully than she used to.	Instead, *much, a lot,* or *far* are used to modify comparative adjectives and adverbs.
(f) Ben is *a little (bit)* older than I am/OR (informally) me.	Another common modifier is *a little/a little bit.*
9-5 Comparisons With Less...Than and Not As...As
MORE THAN ONE SYLLABLE (a) A pen is less expensive than a book. (b) A pen is not as expensive as a book.	The opposite of –*er/more* is expressed by less or *not as…as*. (a) and (b) have the same meaning.
	Less and not as…as are used with adjective and adverbs of more than one syllable.
ONE SYLLABLE (c) A pen is not as large as a book. Incorrect: A pen is less large than a book.	Only not as…as (NOT less) is used with one-syllable adjectives or adverbs.

9-6 Unclear Comparatives
UNCLEAR (a) Ann likes her dog better than her husband. CLEAR (b) Ann likes her dog better than her husband does. (c) Ann likes her dog better than she does her husband.	Sometimes it is necessary to complete the idea following than in order to make a comparison clear. In (b): does means “likes the dog.” In (c): does means “likes.”
9-7 Using More With Nouns
(a) Would you like some more coffee? (b) Not everyone is here. I expect more people to come later.	In (a): coffee is a noun. When *more* is used with nouns, it often has the meaning of additional. It is not necessary to use than.
(c) There are *more people* in China *than* there are in the United States.	More is also used with nouns to make complete comparisons by adding *than*.
(d) Do you have enough coffee, or would you like some more?	When the meaning is clear, the noun may be committed and more used by itself.
9-8 Repeating a Comparative
(a) Because he was afraid, he walked faster and faster. (b) Life in the modern world is becoming more and more complex.	Repeating a comparative give the idea that something becomes progressively greater, it increases inn intensity, quality, or quantity.
9-9 Using Double Comparatives
(a) The harder you study, the more you will learn. (b) The more she studied, the more she learned. (c) The warmer the weather (is), the better I like it.	A double comparative has two parts; both parts begin with the, as in the examples. The second part of the comparison is the result of the first part. In (a): if you study harder, the result will be that you will learn more.
(d) A: Should we ask Jenny and Jim to the party too? B: Why not? The more, the merrier. (c) A: When should we leave? B: The sooner, the better.	*The more, the merrier* and *the sooner, the better* are two common expression. In( d): It is good to have more people at the party. In( e): It is good if we leave as soon as we can.
9-10 Using Superlatives
(a) Tokyo is one of the largest cities in the world. (b) David is *the most generous person I have ever known.* (c) I have three books. There two are quite good. but this one is the *best* ( book) of all.	Typical completion when a superlative is used: in (a): superlative + in a place In (b); superlative + adjective clause. In( c): superlative + *of all.*
(d) I took four final exams. The final in accounting was *the least difficult* of all.	The least has the opposite meaning of the most.
(e) Ali is *one of* the best students in this class. (f) *One of* the best *students* in this class is Ali.	Notice the pattern with *one of:* *one of* + *PLURAL* *noun* (+ *SINGULAR* *verb*)
9-11 Using The Same, Similar, Different, Like, Alike
(a) John and Mary have the same books. (b) John and Mary have similar books. (c) John and Mary have different books. (d) Their books are the same. (e) Their books are similar. (f ) Their books are different.	The some, similar, and different are used as adjectives. Notice: the always precedes *same.*
(g)This book is *the same as* that one. (h) This book is similar to that one. (i) This book is different form that one.	Notice: *the same* is followed by *as:* *similar* is followed by to; different is followed by form.
(j) She is *the same age as* my mother. My shoes are the same size as yours.	A noun may come between the same and as, as in (j).
(k) My pen is like your pen. (j) My pen and your pen are alike.	Notice in (k) and (j): noun + *be like* + noun noun and noun + *be alike*
(m) She looks like her sister. It looks like rain. It *sounds like* thunder. This material feels like silk. That smells like gas. This chemical tastes like salt. Stop acting like a fool. He *seems like* a nice fellow.	In addition to following be, like also follows certain verb, primarily those dealing with the senses.
(n) The twins look alike. We *think alike.* Most four-year-olds act alike. My sister and I talk alike. The little boys are dressed alike	Alike may follow a few verbs other than be.

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