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Grammar for foreigner:

ESL-52

ESL-53

ESL-54

Grammar for Writing:

Dictionary:

Ccontents: 1．Present Time 2. Past Time 3. Future Time
　　　　　　　    4. The Present Perfect and The Past Perfect
　　　　　　　    5. Asking Questions 6. Nouns and Pronouns
　　　　　　　    7. Modal Auxiliaries　

2-1 Expressing Past Time: The Simple Past(简单过去时）

(a) Mary walked downtown yesterday. (b) I slept for eight hours last night.	The simple past is used to talk about activities or situations that began and ended in the past.
(c) Bob stayed home yesterday morning. (d) Our plane arrived on time last night.	Most simple past verbs are formed by adding-ed to a verb, as (a),(c),(d).
(e) I ate breakfast this morning. (f) Sue took a taxi to the airport yesterday.	Some verb have irregular past forms, as in (b),(e), and (f).
(g) I was busy yesterday. (h) They were at home last night.	The simple past forms of be are was and were.

2-2 Spelling of -ing and -ed Forms

End of verb	Double The Consonant(辅音)?	Simple -ing -ed
-e	No	(a) smile smiling smiled hope hoping hoped	-ing form: Drop the –e, add –ing. -ed form: just add -d
Two Consonants	No	(b) help helping helped learn learning learned	If the verb ends in two consonants, just add –ing or -ed
Two Vowels +One consonant	Yes	(c) rain raining rained heat heating heated	If the verb ends in two vowels + a consonants, just add –ing or -ed
One Vowel +One Consonant	Yes	One-Syllable verbs (d) stop stopping stopped plan planning planned.	If the verb has one syllable and ends in one vowel +one consonant, double the consonant to make the *–ing* or *–ed* from.
	No	Two-Syllable verb (e) visit visiting visited offer offering offered.	If the first syllable of a two-syllable verb is stressed, do not double the consonant.
	Yes	(f) prefer preferring preferred admit admitting admitted.	If the second syllable of a two-syllable verb is stressed, double the consonant.
-y	No	(g) play playing played enjoy enjoying enjoyed (h) worry worrying worried study studying studied	If the verb ends in a vowel + -y, keep the –y. do not change the –y to –i. If the verb ends in a consonant + -y, keep the –y for the –ing form, but change the –y to –i to make the *–ed* form.
-ie		(i) die dying died tie tying tied	*-ing* form: Change the *–ie* to –y and add *–ing. –ed* form: just add *–d.*

2-3 The Past Progressive(过去进行时）

(a) I sat down at the dinner table at 6:00P.M. yesterday. Tom came to my house at 6:10 P.M. I *was eating* dinner when Tom came. (b) I went to bed at 10:00. The phone rang at 11:00. I *was sleeping* when the phone rang.	The Pas Progressive expresses an activity that was in progress at a point of time in the past or at the time of another action (eg, whenTom came).In (a): eating was in progress at 6:10; eating was in progress when Tom came. Form: *was/were +-ing*
(c) *When* the phone rang, I was sleeping. (f) The phone rang *while* I was sleeping.	*When* = at that time. *While* = during that time. (e) and (f) have the same meaning

2-4 Expressing Past Time: Using Time Clauses

(a) *After I finished my work,* I went to bed. (time clause) (main clause) (b) I went to bed *after I finished my work.* ( main clause) ( time clause)	(a) and (b) have the same meaning. A time clause can (1) come in front of a main clause, as in (a). (2) follow a main clause, as (b).
(c) I stayed up *until* I finished my work. (d) *As soon as* I finished my work, I went to bed. (e) The phone rang *while* I was watching TV. (f) *When* the phone rang, I was watching TV.	In(c): until= “to that time and then no longer” (can also be used to say that something does not happen before a particular time.) In(d): as soon as= “immediately after” Form: time clause + comma + main clause main clause + No comma + time clause
(g) When the phone rang, I answered it.	In a time clause introduced by when, both the time clause verb and the main verb can be simple past. In (g), the phone rang happened first, and then I answered it.
(h) While I was doing my homework, my roommate was watching TV.	In (h): When two actions are in progress at the same time, the past progressive can be used in both parts of the sentence.
2-5 Expressing Past Habit: Used To
(a) I *used to* live with my parents. Now I live in my own apartment. (b) Ann *used to be* afraid of dogs, but now she likes dogs. (c) Al *used to smoke*, but he doesn’t anymore.	*Used to* expresses a past situation or habit that no longer exists at present. Form: used to + the simple form of a verb.
(d) Did you used to live in Paris? (Or Did you use to live in Paris?)	Question Form: did +subject + used to (or did +subject + use to)
(e) I *didn’t used to* drink coffee at breakfast, but now I always have coffee in the morning. (Or I *didn’t use to* drink coffee.) (f) I never *used to* drink coffee at breakfast, but now I always have coffee in the morning.	Negative Form: didn’t used to (or didn't’ use to) Didn’t use (d) to occurs infrequently. More commonly, people use never to express a negative idea with idea with used to, as in (f)

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