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Grammar for foreigner:

ESL-52

ESL-53

ESL-54

English-60A.B

Dictionary:

Contents: １．Present Time 2. Past Time 3. Future Time
　　　　　　　    4. The Present Perfect and The Past Perfect
　　　　　　　    5. Asking Questions 6. Nouns and Pronouns
　　　　　　　    7. Modal Auxiliaries　

6-1 Subject, Verbs, and Objects

S V (a) The sun shines. (noun) (verb) S V (b) Plants grow. (noun) (verb)	An English sentence has a SUBJECT (S) and a VERB (V). The SUBJECT is a noun. In (a): sun is noun; it is the subject of the verb shines.
S V O (c) Plants need water. (noun) (verb) (noun) S V O (d) Bob is reading a book. (noun) (verb) (noun)	Sometimes a VERB is followed by an OBJECT (O). The OBJECT of a verb is a noun. In(c): water is the object of the verb need.
6-2 Objects of Prepositions

S V O PREP O OF PREP (a) Ann put her books on the desk. (noun) S V PREP O OF PREP (b) A leaf fell to the ground.		Many English sentences have prepositional phrases. In( a): on the desk is a preposition phrase. A prepositional phrase consists of a Preposition (PREP) and an Object of A Preposition (O OF PREP). The object of a preposition is a NOUN.
6-3 Prepositions of Time
IN	(a) Please be on time in the future. (b) I usually watch TV in the evening. (c) I was born in October. (d) I was born in 1985. (e) I was born in the twentieth century. (f) The weather is hot in (the) summer.	in + the past, the present, the future in + the morning, the afternoon, the evening. in + ( a month, a year, a century, a season)
ON	(g) I was born on October 31, 1985. (h) I went to a movie on Thursday (I) I have class on Thursday morning (s)	on + a date on + a weekday on + a weekday morning, evening
AT	(j) We sleep at night. I was asleep at midnight. (k) I fell asleep at 9:30. (l) He's busy at present. Please call again.	at + noon, night, midnight at +"clock time" at + present, the moment, the present time
6-4 Word Order: Place and Time
S V PLACE TIME (a) Ann moved to Paris in 1988. We went to a movie yesterday. S V O P T (b) We bought a house in Miami in 1995.		In a typical English sentence, “place” comes before “time,” as in (a). Incorrect: Ann moved in 1988 to Paris.
Tim S V Place (c) In 1998, Ann moved to Paris. (d) Yesterday we went to a movie.		Expressions of time can also come at the beginning of a sentence, as in (c) and (d). A time phrase at the beginning of a sentence is often followed by a comma, as in (c).
6-5 Subject-Verb Agreement
Singular Singular (a) The sun shines. Plural Plural (b) Birds sing.		A singular subject takes a singular verb, as in (a). A plural subject takes a plural verb, as in (b). Notice: verb + -s = singular (shines) noun +-s = plural (birds)
Singular Singular (c) My brother *lives* in Jakarta. Plural Plural (d) My brother and sister *live* in Jakarta.		Two subjects connected by *and* take a plural verb, as in (d).
(e) The glasses over there under the window by the sink are clean. (f) The information in those magazines about Vietnamese culture and customs is very interesting.		Sometimes phrases come between a subject and a verb. These phrases do not affect the agreement of the subject and verb.
V S (g) There is a book on the desk. (h) There are some books on the desk.		*There + be* + subject expresses that something exists in a particular place. The verb aggress with the noun that follows be.
(i) Every student is sitting down. (j) Everybody/Everyone hopes for peace.		Every is a singular word. It is used with a singular, not plural, noun. Incorrect: Every students…. Subjects with every take singular verbs.
(k) People in my country are friendly.		People is a plural noun and takes a plural verb.

6-6 Using Adjectives To Describe Nouns
(a) Bob is reading a good book.	Words that described nouns are called adjectives.
(b) The tall woman wore a new dress. (c) The short woman wore old dress.	We say that adjectives “modify” nouns. “Modify” means “change a little.” An adjective changes the meaning of a noun by giving more information about it.
(d) He wore *a white* shirt. (g) Roses are beautiful.	Adjectives are usually come immediately before nouns, as in (d). Adjectives can also follow main verb be, as in (g).
6-7 Using Nouns As Adjectives
(a) I have a *flower* garden. (b) The *shoe* store also sells socks. (c) Incorrect: a flowers garden (d) Incorrect: the shoes store	Sometimes words that are usually used as nouns are used as adjectives. For example, flowers usually a noun, but in (a) it is used as an adjective to modify garden. When a noun is used as an adjective, it is singular in form, Not plural.
6-7 Personal Pronouns: Subjects and Objects
S (a) Eric and I are good friends. O (b) Ann met Eric and me at the museum. O of PREP (c) Ann walked between Eric and me.	Guidelines for using pronouns following and: If the pronoun is used as part of the subject, use a subject pronoun, as in (a). If it is part of the object, use an object pronoun, as in (b), (c). Incorrect: I and Eric are good friends. Or Eric and me are good friends. Incorrect:) Ann met Eric I at the museum.
6-8 Possessive Nouns
Singular: (a) I know *the student’s* name. Plural: (b) I know the *students’ name. Plural: (c) I know the children’*s names.	An apostrophe (’) and an –s are used with nouns to show possession. An irregular plural noun is a noun that dose not end in –s: children, men, people, women.
6-9 Singular Forms of Other: Another vs. The Other
(a) There is a large bowl of apples on the table. Paul is going to eat one apple. If he is still hungry after that, he can eat *another* apple. There are many apples to choose form.	*Another* means “one more out of a group of similar items, one in addition to the one(s) already mentioned.” *Another* is a combination of an + other, written as one word.
(b) There are two apples on the table. Paul is going to eat one of tem. Sara is going to eat *the other* apple.	*The other* means “the last one in a specific group, the only one that remains from a given number of similar items.”

                                                         another apple.
(c) Paul ate one apple. Then he ate    another one.
                                                        another.

                                                       the other apple. (d) Paul ate one apple. Sara ate      the other one.
                                                      he other.

The other (s) means “the last ones in a specific group, the remains from a given number of similar items.”
The other (without an –s) can be used as an adjective in from of a noun or the word ones, as in (d) and (e).
The others (with an –s) is a plural pronoun; it is not used with a noun.
in (f): the others = the other apples.

6-10 Plural Forms of Other: Other(S) vs. The Other(S)
There are many apples in Paul’s kitchen. Paul is holding one apple. (a) There are *other* apples in a bowl. (adjective) + (noun) (b) There are *other* ones on a plate. (adjective) + (noun) (c) There are *others* on a chair. (pronoun)	*Other* (s) (without *the) means “several more out of a group of similar items, several in addition to the one(s) already mentioned.” The adjective other* (without an –s) can be used with a plural noun or with the word ones. *Others* (with an –s) is a plural pronoun; it is not used with a noun. In (c): *other = other apples*.
There are four apples on the table. Paul is going to take one of them. (d) Sara is going to take *the* *other* apples. (adjective) + (noun) (e) Sara is going to take *the other* ones (adjective) + (noun) (f) Sara is going to take *the* *others* (pronoun)	*The other* (s) means “the last ones in a specific group, the remains from a given number of similar items.” *The other* (without an –s) can be used as an adjective in front of a noun or the word ones, as in (d) and (e). *The others* (with an –s) is a plural pronoun; it is not used with a noun. In (f): *the others = the other apples*.

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