Chapter 9: The C-R Theory: Experiment With It

(Author's note: This type of tunnelling will be allowed by almost any current theory, but probably can't be done in reality.)

Earlier in this paper, we stated that the C-R theory predicts how gravity behaves differently from the way that current theories believe that gravity works. We stated it is the curvature of space-time, and the subsequent slowing-down of the local real time that provides the energy to drive the force of gravity. The energy derived is directly related to the difference in local time experienced as compared to (free space) non-curved space-time. The acceleration force experienced is therefore totally independent of the mass of the object, and is also independent of the density of the object. The difference in time "lost" multiplied by m c² will give the value of the energy gained by the gravitational fall. In the same way, if the climb out of a gravitational field takes x amount of energy, the time gained could be figured out from the formula.

Due to the nature of gravity which we have postulated, there should be a detectable difference in the behavior of the gravitational field as predicted by our theory vs. standard scientific theories.

This difference should be detectable on earth given special circumstances. Alternately, an experiment could or should easily be performed in outer space. We would require a reasonably massive body: an asteroid, a moon, or some other object with a measurable gravity. The body must be solid, with a non-molten, non-crumbling interior.

The complete experiment, with a tunnel clear through the center of the earth would never be performable on earth, due to the expected nature of the earth's crust, mantle and core. The difficulty with drilling downward and maintaining a hollow shaft may never be suitably overcome on earth, since the great pressure with the depth may cause the magma or mantle to ooze. Consider the difficulty in exploring the ocean depths at a few miles down. Compare that situation to one which would be faced by a hollow shaft inside dense molten "rock" several hundred miles down, with temperatures probably over the melting point of almost any metal used in electronic test equipment. The pressures at a depth may become too great to allow the instruments to be placed, so that a gravitational measurement could be made, since the equipment would be crushed or melted in the process.

Will YOU fall for it?

Goal of the Experiment: Demonstrate that, if given the ability and opportunity to free-fall, an object will only fall to the depth at which the gravitational curvature is the greatest.

EXPLANATION: Since the earth's crust is much lighter in its density per volume than are the materials composing the core and mantle, the gravitational curvature of the earth from the surface down may increase slightly with depth1. Once the boundary is reached where the densest material exists, the gravitational curvature should decrease. There could possibly be at least two local maximum zones of curvature, one at the crust-mantle boundary, and one at the mantle-core boundary.

Once those boundaries have been crossed, the curvature should decrease until, at the center of the earth, the net-curvature would be zero. At the exact center of the earth, the curvature should be equal to or nearly the same as the curvature at a point in space far away from the earth's gravitational influence. Only the gravitational curvature contributions from the sun, the moon, other planets, and nearby stars will be measured at the exact center of the earth.

Our theory predicts that a falling object should seek the place of maximum gravitational curvature, which would also be the location where it possessed it's minimum potential energy.

In the case of a tunnel through the earth (if one could really be built), the object would fall only to the point of maximum curvature. Conventional theory predicts that, because of the gravitons generated by matter, or because of the gravitational attraction, matter should fall clear to the center of the earth, if a clear path existed.

The first local minimum energy point would certainly be no more than 1/3 of the distance from the surface to the center of the earth.

Our Tunnelling Experiment: Can You Dig It?

or:  A Boreing Job

Due to the expected difficulties in creating a clear tunnel through the earth, the experiment will have to be performed on a solid, non-dusty, non-crumbling, yet tunnel-able body such as an asteroid or a small moon. A small icy asteroid would be ideal.

Since our thought experiment budget is somewhat limited, a real full-bore experiment may have to be postponed until the funds become available.

It may be possible to perform the necessary, but not complete measurements one or more miles down in a gold mine, or deep down inside a constant-density, solid-ice glacier. The limited measurements may be extrapolatable to confirm or deny our central conclusion on the nature of gravity.

Floating a Suggestion

or:  What's "UP", Doc2?

One of our most interesting predictions from the C-R theory would be the case in which a ball would be released in a hollow, vertical tunnel at some point below maximum gravitational curvature, and yet, still above the absolute center of the earth. In this case, we would predict that the ball would fall UPWARDS3, towards the point of maximum gravitational curvature.

In any other conventional theory of gravity, the prediction would be that the ball would fall towards the center of the earth, until a place of no gravitational attraction existed. (Actually, the object would possess enough kinetic energy that it might oscillate about this location, until viscous damping from air took place or friction from hitting the tunnel walls stopped the motion.)

The C-R theory would state: The lower point, which is closer to the center of the earth, represents a higher energy state. With the center possessing a lesser degree of gravitational curvature, the ball could not fall DOWNWARD, towards the center of the mass.

We would predict that any mass will FALL towards a region of maximum gravitational curvature, even if that position is UPWARDS from the exact gravitational center of an object. This is because the C-R explanation of the nature of gravity implies that the curvature of the space-time fabric of the universe, which slows down the locally felt real-time, is what causes gravity.

This is the implication if such a tunnel could actually be built. When attempting to approach the center of the earth, after passing the maximum curvature spot in the tunnel, one would need to CLIMB downwards. The climb would entail expending energy, just as if the climb were uphill, above the surface of the earth.

There may be other, more practical ways in which to prove or disprove the Curvature Hypothesis on earth, but at the present time, the China Tunnel method seems to be the only complete, true test. Unfortunately, the tendency of a tunnel to collapse would preclude our performing a full magnitude test like this anywhere on earth within the foreseeable future. A suitable test in outer space could well take another score (20 years) or more before the budget, technology, and desire to affirm or refute our theory are sufficient motivation to perform this test.

Making Light of It

One possible area for further research would be the potential analysis of the spectrum released by novas, supernovas, and quasars. The C-R theory predicts that these events are powered by the push of all those excess positive charges released by the ex-Black-Hole repelling each other. Will there be a difference in the local spectrum generated by these events, compared to that predicted if the events were powered entirely by fusion or thermonuclear power? If fusion powered the creation of more complicated elements, then what quantity and proportion of highly unstable, radioactive elements, rapidly decreasing from the time of the event, would we expect to see?

Two areas of concern would be the cooling rate, and the continuing acceleration rate. The acceleration rate should be higher as predicted by the C-R theory, than would be expected when driven by the original fusion energy. This results from the positive charges continually pushing outward repulsively until they all can be neutralized by becoming de-ionized.

A Deep Subject: All is Well

or:  The "Hole" Truth

Since the C-R theory predicts a different nature of gravity, consider the earth's gravity vs. depth profile. If the density of the inner core is greater than the density of the mantle, and the density of the mantle is greater than that of the crust, there could well be two zones of locally maximum gravitational curvature.

The first local zone of maximum curvature should be at the junction where the relatively thin and light crust meets the much denser mantle. A second maximum will occur where the relatively lighter and probably viscous (liquid) mantle meets the presumably solid and denser center core.

At both of those boundary zones, the gravitational curvature should be at a local maximum. Below those zones, there will be a lesser amount of matter to generate or produce the curvature. Above those zones, even though there would be a greater accumulation of matter, the matter will be relatively less dense.

This Should Shake Them Up a Bit

The seismic wave measurements have accurately shown that there are two boundary-layers where both the s & p waves experience a maximum discontinuity. Are these seismic discontinuities influenced by the gravitational discontinuity? Of course, the seismic waves were used to estimate the position and relative density of these discontinuities in the first place. Is there any advantage to considering both the gravitational discontinuity and the seismic disturbance from the different densities?

Both the s waves and the p waves may be helpful in analyzing the differences (if any), which the C-R theory might be able to account for.

On Solid Ground

Here is another prediction which the C-R theory can make. After falling to the ground, i.e., the surface boundary of a solid object with a uniform density, any piece of matter will be at it's lowest energy state on that surface.

If matter is indeed at it's lowest energy state, dropping a weight at the surface into a tunnel carved through the center of any solid object would not allow the weight to fall any further. This would be due to the fact that the gravitational curvature decreases towards that center. The minimum energy, preferred location for the weight should be at the top of the tunnel, resting on a side wall at the KKKinside.

In fact, an object held and then dropped at some point between the top of the tunnel, and the center of the planet, moon, or asteroid should be inclined to "fall" upwards from the center.

It may be possible to perform such an experiment in space sometime within the next few decades. The moon or a small moon of an asteroid with a detectable gravitational field may be the most likely place in which to test this hypothesis.

Certainly most textbooks would state that gravity should attract all matter to the exact center of the mass. If it arrived at the center, any mass residing there would discover that all the matter uniformly surrounding itself was undetectable. Any mass at the center of such a body could not tell the difference, by experiment, whether no other mass was present, or if all of the mass in the universe was located around that center.