Chapter 4: Inside the C-R Type of Black-Hole

Let us consider an example of a particle, a simple hydrogen atom. The time-slowdown of this hydrogen atom near the Black-Hole is caused by the curvature (the warping or bending) of space-time. As the hydrogen atom approaches the Black-Hole, the curvature of space-time increases which causes the acceleration of gravity to get stronger.

When compared by an interested outside observer, the real-time experienced by the hydrogen atom near this Black-Hole would decrease, relative to an identical hydrogen atom in a lesser gravitational field. In addition, as the curvature increases, the gravitational escape velocity approaches closer and closer to it's ultimate limit, the speed of light. The locally measured rate of time experienced closer to that Black-Hole's boundary will be slower and slower, when compared to some far-away point possessing a more negligible gravitational curvature.

A Couple of Points to Consider

Imagine that we were able to choose either a point at the exact center of the universe, or else, a point outside the universe, infinitely far from every known gravitational field. Let us try a comparison to the intensely curved point near the Black-Hole. We would notice, in the absence of any detectable gravitational field, the real-time clock-rate at either of the uncurved points would run faster, or be less-slowed-down, (and maybe more real?) than any other point in the universe.

The hydrogen atom would appear to gain kinetic energy as it approached the Black-Hole, but it would also appear to lose energy. The hydrogen atom would appear to be slowed down, if we could observe it without disturbing either it's energy or momentum. The amount of slowdown would be given by the equation:

change in energy = change in time x the mass x c(squared)

We can see that the kinetic energy gained by the mass is determined by the curvature of time, or the amount of time slow-down. The acceleration is independent of the mass or the density.

As we stated in Chapter 1, the warping, or bending of the spacetime fabric will "squeeze-out" kinetic energy from a mass, similar to a juicer squeezing orange juice from an orange. In the case of the hydrogen atom, we have imagined that the atom is bent, or squeezed into "imaginary-time" in a somewhat similar manner to the complex phase relationship in an impedance-reactance circuit.

To further describe the situation, we could imagine a two dimensional diagram of a hydrogen atom drawn on a sheet of clear, balloon-like, rubber. Now imagine the diagram projected on a sheet of white paper. As the sheet would be turned at an angle to the projector, the "real" image would appear to shrink. The projected image would represent the "real world" appearance of the hydrogen atom. The diagram sheet itself would represent the fuller picture, since the sheet would never change. Our perception would be that our view of the atom is changed, and it must be viewed differently.

Using the clear rubber sheet imagined in the description, let us now stretch, or bend the clear rubber sheet. The projected image will appear to be distorted, possibly either lengthened or shortened. Imagine that we have the strength to bend the portion of the clear rubber sheet with the diagram to a 90^O angle with respect to the light source. For all practical purposes, the image in the projection would disappear, totally. Notice that both the sheet and the diagram would be safe, and that both would still exist. Viewing the paper, however, we could never detect that the diagram was still in existence.

The rubber sheet diagram experiment somewhat describes the gravitational bending events as they are imagined using the C-R theory. The bending, or curvature of time is simulated by stretching the diagram so that it will appear to be more nearly parallel to the path of the projector's light.

Bending the sheet will cause the object in the diagram to appear shorter. If we were to compare this diagram to electromagnetic energy (at resonance, as in a particle of matter), the shortening of the image would correspond to a red-shift, or to a time slowdown in the real object. Similar to the situation where the diagram was bent or curved at the 90^O angle, this behavior of the diagram simulated the observed changes to a real particle trapped inside the Black-Hole.

Notice that the diagram itself, and our analogous particle still exist, but they cannot be perceived or located by any real means. Of course, if the source of the 90^O bending were removed, the diagram would appear entirely normal again. In the same way, if the source of the gravitational curvature (the Black-Hole) was removed, the particle would again appear normally.

Inside Insight, the Hole Story, Part II

In a marked difference with other theories, the C-R theory demands that, within every Black-Hole, there is an Active Zone. This Active Zone comprises the entire volume located on the inside of the inner Schwarzschild radius.

Again, because of the conclusions reached earlier in this paper, we state that matter inside the inner Schwarzschild radius of the Black-Hole is not able to collapse into a singularity. The C-R theory predicts that inside every Black-Hole there will be an Active Zone.

This active zone MUST have exactly enough matter at a density sufficient to create an inner Schwarzschild radius. Once inside this radius, the gravitational curvature, and the time slowdown will decrease to 0%, or none, at the exact center of the Black-Hole. Every interaction permitted outside the Black-Hole, in real time will also be permitted inside the active zone.

Because the matter-energy combination swallowed-by, or trapped inside of the Black-Hole is fully time-frozen, the combination behaves as if it were neutral to every possible interaction, including action by it's stored-up electrical charge. We have termed this zone inside the Black-Hole the Neutral Zone, for that very reason. The matter in the Neutral Zone is invisible to and undetectable by the time active matter located in any active zone.

From the outside of the Black-Hole, the only attributes from the Neutral Zone1 which could be detected would be it's mass, and it's momentum. Only the gravitational curvature could be felt outside the Schwarzschild radius. All other properties would be insulated from any outside influence. There is no mechanism2 which would allow electrical charge, angular momentum, or any form of electromagnetic energy to couple or tunnel across the immense "forbidden-zone" which the conventional black hole would represent.

The C-R theory postulates that gravity works by inactivating the time "felt" by particles of matter3. Once that time has been reduced to zero, no further gravitational collapse is possible. There will be no more time left to inactivate. There is no more potential energy which can be extracted by gravity from the matter-energy trapped or confined in the Neutral Zone. Therefore, the matter-energy combination in the Neutral Zone is at gravitational state comparable to the heat energy (kinetic energy) of a hydrogen atom at absolute zero.

It Happened!!: Last Fall

There is no further possibility that the inactivated matter in the Neutral Zone can collapse inward towards the center of mass. The confined matter would have to gain energy to cross through the inner Schwarzschild radius. If the matter did cross this barrier, it would become time activated once again.

Restored real-time activation implies that, inside the inner Active Zone, matter can never physically be collapsed into a singularity. This is because matter inside the inner Schwarzschild radius is still time active, and still has potential energy from gravity.

Amazingly, there is no inward gravitational pressure on the active zone from the matter in the neutral zone, because that time-neutral matter is already at its lowest potential energy state. Further gravitational "attraction" inward is missing because time inactivated matter cannot be inactivated below "absolute" zero (or 100% de-activation).

Inside every Black-Hole there is an Active Zone. This active zone is a benefit provided courtesy of the "limited" nature of gravity which the C-R theory has postulated. Once matter has collapsed into timelessness (inside the Schwarzschild radius), to the point where it has been de-activated, it no longer experiences what we would have to call real-time. This matter is in its lowest possible (ever) energy state. There is now no further pull by gravity which can cause the matter in the Neutral Zone to "fall" inward.

Imagine a toothless gear trying to engage a chain drive. There is nothing for the gear to grab onto. Another analogy might be: try to stir a can of paint using only an imaginary stirrer. Try as you might, no amount of effort or exertion will have any effect on the paint. These analogies give you some idea of the frustration gravity must feel trying to further collapse matter which is real-time inactivated.

A Quantum Leap: A Classic(al) Success Story

Many years ago, scientists had a dilemma. Classical Mechanics couldn't explain theoretically why any matter existed in the universe. Classical physics predicted that any moving electrical charges should continually radiate away their energy. Given any atomic configuration, the existing theory said that the electron should spiral down into the nucleus and collide with the proton. This predicted phenomenon was termed the Ultraviolet Catastrophe. Experimentally, those scientists were forced to concede that the real world had a lifetime exceeding the fractions of a second which their theories predicted.

Quantum mechanics provided the answer. It prohibited the electron from losing (or radiating) energy except in discreet packets of energy, now called quanta. These energy-level transitions became the salvation of the Universe. Theoretically, at least, the Universe was now permitted to exist. (WHEW!!)

The invention of Quantum Mechanics solved one of the biggest dilemmas posed by classical physics. That was the predicted collapse of the electron into the proton, leaving only neutrons in the universe. Quantum mechanics succeeded because it eliminated the problem of the collapse of an atom into a singularity.

While the solution was opposed bitterly by those educated scholars of the time, the Quantum theory explained events so successfully that it eventually became the dominant theory. We suspect that we (C-R) will face similar opposition; even though the C-R theory intends to rid theoretical physics of it's current nemesis, the gravitational collapse of matter into a singularity.

(Authors Jibe: Haven't we just heard about some other obsolete theory {Classical Mechanics} which also predicted a non-realized collapse into a singularity like this a few paragraphs ago?)

Gravity is like Seniority: No Time, No Pull

The C-R theory speculates that nature prevents time-depleted matter from falling further inward. This situation is similar to the electron that still has energy, and does not collapse into the hydrogen atom's nucleus even at absolute zero.

Gravitationally collapsed matter-energy remains imprisoned in the timeless zone, which we call the Neutral Zone. This Neutral Zone is contained inside the Black-Hole's Schwarzschild radius. Any matter or energy in the Neutral Zone exists at it's lowest time-energy level.

Any matter-energy in the Neutral Zone could only become real-time-active again by adding energy. Adding energy would be necessary to allow the trapped contents to collapse (move towards the time active center) further inward. This matter-energy would have to gain energy from somewhere before it would experience real-time once again.

If the Neutral Zone contents tried to expand back outward any further, outside the Schwarzschild radius, there would also have to be an energy gain. Extra energy must be added before the contents can experience real-time again.

Active Participation

There will be an active zone at the center of every Black-Hole. The nature of matter is such that a singularity cannot ever occur. Every Active Zone located inside the inner Schwarzschild radius of a Black-Hole is essentially, a closed, self-contained universe. Every inside Active Zone MUST have a sufficient quantity of matter at a sufficient density to produce a curvature equal to the speed of light at it's outer boundary.

Theoreticians: Are You Seeing Any Red, Yet?

Hypothetically, what if our Universe just so happened to reside inside the active-portion of the inside of a large Black-Hole? We would expect, if not demand that nearer the outer edges, the space-time curvature should be greater. As a result, time at the edge of the universe should run more slowly. (Hint: Maybe more red-shifted.)

We would also expect that again approaching the outer edges of this "Universe existing inside a Black-Hole", objects would appear to become younger, as well as dimmer. This might be because objects in this universe would be younger and slowed-down in time. Note: Matter near the outer portion of this hypothetical universe would not necessarily be required to travel away from us at speeds ludicrously close to light speed to appear redshifted. The net accumulation of gravitational curvature will suffice to slow down this region's local time.

We would expect this hypothetical, imaginary universe to look SUSPICIOUSLY, sneakily close to what we observe in our own universe. Quite possibly, there would be no predictable or discernable difference between the two alternatives.

Open or Shut: Case Closed

Some scientists have remarked about the possible coincidence that the universe just seems to contain enough mass to close the universe4.  Of course, by the C-R theory, the numbers would be related. If the size of the universe shrank, the amount of matter needed to maintain curvature would be less, and more matter would find it's way into the neutral zone. The C-R theory states that any (inner) active zone must always remain exactly critical. . Our hypothetical universe discussed above appeared identical to a gravitationally self contained Active Zone, inside a Black-Hole. The simplest possible explanation is: this is not just a coincidence, but the hypothetical and real universes appear identical because our model happens to be correct.

Many Holes in One Whole Black-Hole

The C-R theory certainly allows the possibility that the observed universe is entirely contained within a Black-Hole. Indeed, the C-R theory allows many smaller Black-Holes to exist within the contents of the larger Black-Hole.

The inside (Active Zone?) portion of our universe might well serve as the only readily observable example of a theoretical model Black-Hole. Our universe may be considered as the easiest laboratory example from which to gain our understanding about the inside of an active Black-Hole.

This Time: A Twisted explanation

or:  The C-R theory: A New Twist

Here is another additional analogy to the Black-Hole vs. time vs. gravitational attraction model presented above. Consider the real-time vs. imaginary current flow in a resistance-impedance circuit. We could choose our analogy with either capacitance or inductance alone in the circuit with resistance. For the sake of the next pun, we'll use inductance.

Inductive Reasoning

or:  Just for the "L" of it

Let us perform a thought experiment in an electrical circuit consisting only of resistance and inductance. If we applied a constant frequency alternating current, there would be a phase angle to express the relationship between the voltage present across the components. During any real-time alternating current or voltage flow, the current is 90^o out of phase across the inductor and the resistor. If we further considered a circuit where the inductance was effectively infinite compared to the resistance, we would have a total imaginary power-flow. There would be NO heat produced, and no energy wasted. Even if we were to double the size of the inductance, the 90^o phase angle would not change.

The above analogy would appropriately consider either the voltage across or the current through that nearly infinite inductance. Comparatively, the poor resistance would experience no real power. This experiment characterizes some aspects similar to that of the real-time vs. imaginary-time relationship we believe exists in the Neutral Zone.

NOTE: with respect to the resistance, the R-L circuit could pretend that the resistance was not present, or non-existent.

In these experiments above, we are dealing with real-world phenomenon. Comparatively, for the next few decades, at least, the Black-Hole will be impractical to simulate or evaluate in the lab. Since that is the case, theory remains our only alternative to experimentation.

On to the Next Phase, a New Angle to Consider

We feel that we would be justified in assuming that real-time will behave in a similar fashion to the "real-power" in the R-L circuit discussed above. We should be able to talk intelligently about the 90^o phase angle between real-time and imaginary-time, as measured in gravitationally curved space-time.

There's No Time Like the Right Time

or:  There's No Time Left

Theoretically, we could claim that in the Neutral Zone located inside of a Black-Hole, time would have to be measured in totally imaginary units5. As far as measuring or detecting real-time in the Neutral Zone inside the Black-Hole, the total duration of real time would be absolutely zero. We would suppose that, if we could multi-dimensionally view the time trapped wavicle (particle-wave resonance at the quantum mechanical level), it would behave like and appear as if its time axis was shifted by 90 degrees from all 3 of our normal axes, i.e., height, width, depth. We might speak of this shifted (perpendicular) perception as the Right (angle) time, or as time Left.

As a packet of matter-energy, our particle trapped within the Neutral Zone of the Black-Hole would still possess every property that makes it a particle. Our zebra cannot change his stripes. The time-frozen particle "exists" in every real sense of the word. What the particle is forbidden from doing is behaving as it's normal, real-world self. It cannot interact individually with any other particle, whether that particle is active in time or is time-frozen.

We Need a Prince Charming to Happily End This Fairy-Tale

With the Right Angle.

For all practical purposes, the time-frozen particle exists in mass and momentum only. In every other aspect of its "self" as a particle, the time-trapped particle behaves as if it were a "Sleeping Beauty", oblivious to all which occurs around it.

Nevertheless, the "slumbering" particle still exists, poised to resume its existence in real-time should the opportunity present itself. If this happens, our happily mindless particle will resume it's real-time existence as if it's bad "Black-Hole dream" never happened.