Chapter 2: The Electrical Nature of Black-Holes (from the C-R Theory)

If you can remember the conclusions reached back in Chapter 1 on the nature of gravity, C-R concluded that gravity is caused by a slowdown in time. The resulting increased curvature frees-up or squeezes-out energy from matter. In chapter 2, a further set of thought experiments will be used to test the present-day assumptions about the electrical nature of the Black Hole.

With results obtained from some simple thought experiments, to be discussed later in the appendix, we have found another incredibly simple, and simply incredible observation.

The Charges: A Cover-up

From the C-R theory assumption "C" above, we have concluded once a Black-Hole "swallows" an electrical charge, that electrical charge will remain effectively insulated inside the Schwarzschild radius. Any electrical knowledge of the swallowed charge will be covered-up by the nature of the Black-Hole. Essentially, the charges will be "invisible" and non-detectable from the outside of the Schwarzschild radius.

This C-R theory conclusion follows from the limited nature of the quantum mechanical tunnelling process. We have postulated that there is no possible way in which the imbalance in the electrical charge could be communicated or "coupled" from the inside of the Black-Hole to the outside. This is because the necessary time-dependent electromagnetic interactions are forbidden when the escape velocity is equal to, or in excess of the speed of light. An additional reason to discount tunnelling: the distances which need to be covered from the inside of the Black-Hole are macroscopic barriers as compared to atomic width barrier distances encountered in devices like the tunnelling diode.

What's the Matter?

One of the most unusual observations which any potential theory of the universe encounters is the overwhelming preponderance of regular matter. Any theory should either A: attempt to explain why this occurs, or B: show what significance this has for the overall scheme of things in the universe.

Most theories cannot adequately explain why this occurs, and regard the overwhelming abundance of matter (over anti-matter) as an embarrassment or an inconvenience. The C-R theory works the best if this overabundance of regular matter is indeed the case. The C-R theory almost seems to require the universe to be composed exclusively (with a few [anti-] particles as an exception) of one type of matter only1.

On the Nature of Matter: Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

or: It's Elementary (particles, that is), My Dear Watson

All of the everyday matter with which we are familiar is constructed only from protons, neutrons, and electrons. Some smaller amounts of other sub-atomic particles have been detected, but they appear to make up only a minute fraction of the total mass in the detectable and observable universe.

When ordinary, everyday matter is considered, some physicists contend that the size, mass, and charge of the electron, proton and neutron are temporary properties, which were somehow determined by or are now related to the present state of the universe.

Dirac's hypothesis would be a prime example. Dirac postulated that the properties of the electron mass, the size and age of the universe were linked. He speculated that, as the universe expanded, the force of gravity (by the gravitational constant g), the strength of the electrical charge, and other parameters would decrease with time.

The C-R theory predicts that this change in the value of the basic parameters in the universe is not the case. Regular matter will retain the same basic atomic properties it now has, even if there is an "end" to the universe. The reason for this confidence is that some intact matter will remain unchanged, even during the Big Bang. In fact, it is only due to the unique nature of the Universe's regular matter that we can predict that Universe will be able to recycle and sustain itself at all.

We Purposely Puzzled to Put-together the Pieces

When considering a Black-Hole, we must contend with it's nature, which goes beyond the experience of current physics theories. The Black-Hole also resides outside the possibility of exploring it's nature by simulation inside a laboratory setting. What we are about to postulate is based on the previous C-R theory assumptions, "A","B","C", and our conclusions about the nature of the Black-Hole.

Scenario:

Imagine a hypothetical, single hydrogen atom, very near the Schwarzschild radius of a Black-Hole. We are going to imagine what happens when the Black-Hole will attempt to swallow this hydrogen atom.

Author's Note: The reason for the oversimplified view of the hydrogen atom and it's behavior near the Black-Hole is to allow the reader to comprehend, in English, how we believe these events may occur. This is not intended to be an absolute and complete mathematical and theoretical description of the event. (J.R.)

Consider the singular hydrogen atom. One proton, one electron. The electron will orbit around the proton, or the electron-wave will resonate around the proton, depending on whether we wish to consider the case of matter {particles} only, or matter-energy {waves} in combination.

Imagine that a typical (C-R) Black-Hole is about to swallow this singular hydrogen atom. Many other atoms, ions, and molecules are probably nearby. They will likely be quite hot, quite excited, and quite energetic.

There should be many collisions between our atom and other atoms, with additional collisions involving singular protons and/or electrons, if the energy level is high enough.

Our hydrogen atom undergoes many collisions. These collisions will input energy into the electron orbiting around hydrogen atom. The energy from many collisions will likely provide the electron sufficient energy to at least climb-up to a higher energy level orbital, if not to be knocked loose and to be provided with the energy to escape from the proton altogether. Whichever the case may be, either the energetically excited or the totally escaped electron should have a much higher kinetic energy to mass ratio when compared to the proton.

Next, we will immediately consider the Black-Hole. Here is a physical entity, which will preferentially attract, if not swallow a sub-atomic particle by its MASS.

When we consider the kinetic energy attained by the electron, compared to its gravitational mass; the electron should have a very fair chance to escape if the proton is swallowed first. Once the proton or proton-neutron combination was swallowed, we could also consider that the electron has a very high probability to "tunnel" away from the Black-Hole2.

At the Schwarzschild radius when the last ½ atomicunit of orbital-resonance-width remained time active, and the proton or proton-neutron have already entered the neutral-zone, the electron will have a powerful incentive to retain it's freedom.

Is it not reasonable to assume that a Black-Hole will preferentially swallow our hydrogen atom's (now ionized) proton when faced with a mass to charge ratio exceeding 1800 times that of the electron? With the mass to charge ratio greater than 36003 for the proton-neutron combinations, the C-R theory would predict that these "combo-snacks" would be "devoured" even more preferentially.

In the case of higher numbered elements, the mass of a typical atomic nucleus will usually consist of both protons and neutrons, with electrons clouding around the outer periphery, initially along for the ride. With the average number of atoms surrounding the average Black-Hole, most Black-Holes have a very high collision-energy potential. This may result in many, if not all of the electrons being stripped from the nucleus. The liberated electrons are separated from the influence of the nucleus and its positive electric charges when the protons and neutrons near the Schwarzschild radius. (Multiple ionization).

DeFUNition4:  A Black-Hole could be called a Mass-Sieve Body

If we proceed with the C-R theory assumption "C", that electrical charge, once trapped inside the Black-Hole, becomes "invisible" to the outside universe, for all practical purposes, then we can expect that an active, matter-consuming Black-Hole will be surrounded by a cloud of EXCESS Electrons. These electrons will be self-repelling, which will cause the rate of any swallowing of matter to be self throttling.

Now, Here's a Repellent Idea

The Benefits of "Charging into the Hole"

If the previous assumptions are true, several things immediately become apparent.

First: Any active (matter-swallowing) Black-Hole will be consuming and storing up excessive positive charges on the inside, and freeing excess electrons outside of the Schwarzschild radius.

Second: The positive charges stored up inside the Black-Hole will be time-inactivated. Because the curvature of the space-time fabric will create an escape velocity equal to that of the speed-of-light, no electromagnetic action, interaction, or reaction at that speed will proceed.

A simple explanation would be: similar to matter at the temperature absolute zero, zero-time matter inside a Black-Hole exists6. This trapped matter is at its absolute minimum gravitational/time existence energy level. In the same way, the total electrical charge from all of the protons swallowed also exists, but the charge is "frozen"; unfelt, unaffected and stored inside the most perfect "insulator" in the universe

Third: As long as the Black-Hole remains active, it will try to swallow as much matter-energy as it can obtain. By the C-R theory, the only properties which can be determined from the outside of the Black-Hole are, the mass of the Black-Hole, and the momentum it possesses7.

This property isolation-insulation includes rotating Black-Holes. Obviously, the warping/curvature caused by the rotating Black-Hole would be nearly identical for a stationary mass8. As long as the net change in gravitational warping with time is equal to zero, the world external to the Black-Hole will not be able to tell whether the mass is rotating or not9.

(This is one area in which our theory differs substantially in its conclusions, compared to almost all current theories.)

SCREWY C-R IMPLICATION: 

For any rotating mass inside a Black-Hole, as measured with respect to it's own (frozen) local time reference frame, any speed at all (it's speed) would seem infinite, or at least greater than the speed of light. In this instance, the theoretical implications of that are enormous. If the speed of light (measured by a local timeframe - which is time frozen) can be exceeded in this one instance, does that imply that the speed of light can be exceeded by other "tricks" too? This should give theoreticians something to ponder over.

Fourth: Even though the Black-Hole appears to have the upper hand, and can accumulate anything and everything, seemingly without limit: by its very nature, it sows the seeds to its eventual demise.

Fifth: Since any active, matter swallowing Black-Hole accumulates a tremendous amount of positive charges and matter-energy, it accumulates THE ONLY KNOWN force capable of overcoming gravity at a reasonable (macroscopic) distance.

Sixth: Once a sufficient amount of positively charged matter is swallowed or accumulated, the Black-Hole is primed for a possible release and escape of its contents.

Scenario: A Primed Example

or:  How a Black-Hole can eventually become an ex-Black-Hole

The scenario would proceed like this: Even though the Black-Hole traps, and time-inactivates everything (in what the C-R theory terms the Neutral Zone) inside the Schwarzschild radius, there would still be other matter, or other Black-Holes located outside. Eventually, a possibility exists for either a sufficient gravitational perturbation or attraction to take place to spring open the trap, possibly from a co-orbiting body or satellite. The Schwarzschild radius will be tidal-shifted enough that some portion of the matter-energy-proton contents of the neutral zone within the Black-Hole (with immense accumulation of positive charge primed to spring into self repulsion) will be re-activated.

Once any of the matter stored in the neutral zone is placed into a region where real-time is now active, the positive charges will again feel their mutual repellence. They push-away other re-activated positive charges, and this decreases the density of the local mass. This decrease in density will allow the even more of the stored up positive charges, spiked with a liberal dose of released, purely energetic photons, to be freed. As this continues, the rest of the matter-energy soup will be allowed to undergo the same reaction.

In a very short period of real time, there will be a noticeable release of extremely high energy and self-repelling positive charges. Eventually, many of the positive charges will find their way outward, to be belatedly re-united with their long-lost negatively charged companions. The Black-Hole will release some or all of its captivated contents, and the universe will proceed merrily along its way.

Ionic Irony

IMPORTANT: Notice that, due to the attractive/repulsive nature of electrons and protons, even if the electrical charge "disappears" into an "insulated" Black-Hole, conservation of energy is not necessarily violated. This occurs because any energy gained by either the positive or negative charges is provided courtesy of the gravitational rest-mass energy released by those particles into the Black-Hole. Since the positive and negative charges can eventually re-attract their opposites, only a shuffling of potential and kinetic energy needs to be explained away. There is never a "real" gain or loss of energy which will violate conservation of energy.

The results achieved if electrical charge "disappears" temporarily are exactly the opposite from the brief "disappearance" of gravity from a Black-Hole. Again, the C-R theory predictions turn out to be the opposite of most present-day theories. When questioning: Why to believe the C-R theory?, let us proceed on to chapter 3.