Chapter 8: Observing Our Universe - C-R Theory Conclusions

Conclusions:

Give the C-R Theory Active consideration

Here is another conclusion: a direct consequence of the nature of a Black-Hole as described by the C-R theory. Using the C-R theory assumption B, we concluded that the Black-Hole could not collapse into a singularity. This is due to the nature of gravity, which we believe is an effect caused by curvature of the space-time fabric of the universe.

What happens inside the edge of the Schwarzschild radius, the boundary where the escape velocity equals or exceeds the speed of light? Because the time has been curved-down or reduced to zero in this zone, no further gravitational acceleration or potential energy decrease is possible. There is no force, no interaction, and no measurable movement which can be experienced by any real particles or energy. Therefore, we have concluded that here exists a Neutral Zone. All particle-to-particle interactions and particle-energy interactions will be impossible in this Neutral Zone. No communication of any kind would be possible

Once matter and energy have been collapsed into this Neutral Zone, even the gravity which drove those particles forcibly into the Neutral Zone can have no further effect. Since the energy in this state of "existence" is the minimum possible, no further collapse is possible, either. This implies that there must also exist an inner Schwarzschild radius.

Because this matter-energy in the Neutral Zone is already at it's minimum possible energy, there is no inward force, crush or push by any of the contents of the Neutral Zone. Therefore, an inner Schwarzschild radius must also exist. This inner Schwarzschild radius must have occurred at the time of the collapse of matter into a Black-Hole.

There must be real, time-active matter and energy further inside every Black-Hole. Additionally, there must be exactly enough matter at a sufficient density to exactly close the Black-Hole at the inner Schwarzschild radius.

The Neutral Zone, by itself, can therefore have any amount of extra mass, over the amount required to form the Active Zone. In the special case when a brand new Black-Hole has just formed, if there is no extra mass remaining inactive after the Active Zone is formed, then there is only one Schwarzschild radius, and there is no Neutral Zone. The inside of the Black-Hole would be unable to contact the outside of the Black-Hole, and vice-versa.

Any excess inactivated mass is trapped in the Neutral Zone. There will necessarily be an inner and an outer Schwarzschild radius.

From the outer Schwarzschild radius, calculating the volume vs. the mass would yield the overall density of the Black-Hole. This would not be sufficient to tell us what percentage of the mass was in the active zone and how much mass was trapped respectively in the neutral zone.

Therefore, we have...

This inner-Active Zone is always exactly critical. The time will be fully slowed-down to zero as one reaches the outer boundaries of this inner-Active Zone. Events and objects nearer to the edge of this universe will appear to be younger (by age), dimmer, and slower (red-shifted?).

This also shows that at the exact center of every Black-Hole (which is also the center of the Active Zone, too), the total gravitational curvature must equal zero (with respect to the contents of the Black-Hole. If an external gravitational field exists from outside the Black-Hole, that will be felt at the center.)

Therefore, the center of every Black-Hole is an Active Zone. In this Active Zone, matter and energy are active, and are not collapsed into a singularity, or stopped in time2. The matter inside the inner-Active Zone remains unchanged even if the matter in the Neutral Zone or the outside-Active Zone undergoes activation.

What if our entire universe resides inside a universe-sized Black-Hole?

One should notice that, approaching the edges of the universe, objects would appear fainter and younger. There are three possible causes which can contribute to this appearance.

First: This would occur because the speed-of-light limit might make the light from the events at that great of a distance take that long to reach the observer.

Second: This would also be due to the C-R theory's postulated properties of our universe that while nearing the edge of the universe, the objects would be in a time-slowed-down reference frame. This would give those objects the appearance of being dimmer and further away than they really were. These objects would also appear to still be young, because they would still be young. Since the time-frame these objects reside in would be slowed-down, their measured real-time of existence, from the Big-Bang would literally be shorter than would be the case from our location.

The objects at the outer edge of the universe would also appear to be substantially red-shifted. Notice that this appearance could be partially due to the object receding at massive speeds, but that this red-shifting could also come solely from the mass of the universe warping time to a slowed-down rate.

Third: Since conventional theories predict that the universe is expanding, and the outer-most objects are receding, the theory of relativity predicts that the objects will have their local time-frame slowed down by a fraction of v/c3. Because of this, conventional theories attribute the red-shift almost exclusively to the recessional velocity from the expansion of the universe.

The measurable red-shift effect from possibilities two and three would be identical over a short period of time. Over many years or centuries, there should be detectable differences. If the red-shift is attributable only to a gravitational time-slow-down, there should be no variation in the red shift over time. If the red-shift is due exclusively to the expansion of the universe, and the tremendous recessional velocities encountered, then as the objects recede further, the rate of speed, and the amount of the red shift should increase.

Since the fainter objects near the edge of the universe would also be younger, we could use them to demonstrate and display a view of the phases of progress of the universe from it's creation. The lesser White-Hole phenomenon would appear in progression from quasars, Seyfert galaxies, galaxies, and normal clusters of stars.

If the red-shifting observed in distant objects is due to the local time-slowdown in those regions, and not to rapid motion away from us, there should be almost no difference in the background radiation from different directions. This would be due to the homogenous and symmetrical nature of the gravitational time slowdown. Any light observed should verify the fact that the red-shifted light from all different directions was produced from the same time-inactivating method.

The C-R theory would predict that the light energy from these regions near the edge of the Universe would not be frequency-shifted by the travel through the gravitational field. Rather, the local gravitational field would establish it's own reference frame as far as activation of matter-energy was concerned. By measuring this reference frame and comparing it to the spectral frequency produced in the far-off time-shifted regions, all far away regions having the same time slow-down would produce the same frequency shifted spectra.

A New Light on an Old Question

Oblers's paradox resulted from a deceptively simple question asking: Why is the sky dark at night? The question was asked on the assumption: If the universe is infinitely old, and if there are infinitely many stars in the sky, the entire sky should be equally bright with light in every direction one looked.

Sunlight, and the continual progression of day and night tell us that the sky is less bright at night than during the day. Only the sun seems bright, and the billions and billions and billions of other stars cannot outshine our one sun. Since the brightness at night does not equal the brightness of day, some questions were raised about the nature of the universe. At least one of three basic assumptions in the premise must be false, suggested by the simple fact that the sky is dark at night. Oblers himself speculated that the answer lay in the fact that there was obscuring dust in the universe, and that dust absorbed light. This was the reason the sky was dark at night. Scientists soon realized: if there was dust absorbing light or heat and energy from distant stars, this dust in turn would get hot, and it would start to re-radiate the intercepted energy within a short time. Because the re-radiation only postponed the time before the universe became as bright as the sun in all directions, scientists concluded Oblers's guess was not the correct answer to the question.

Scientists then concluded that the reason the sky is dark at night is that the universe is expanding. This answers Oblers's question, somewhat.

The C-R theory has a different opinion on the answer which could also be interpreted as correct.

First, C-R argues there are Black-Holes in the universe. In fact, the universe itself may reside inside (and thus, be the inside of) a very large Black-Hole. Some of these Black-Holes, if they are not surrounded by clouds of matter, may also be consuming or absorbing visible energy, as well as swallowing matter.

Next, from the C-R theory, the universe is slowed-down, or time de-activated as one approaches the outer edges of the universe. The objects located nearer to the edge of the universe should appear younger and dimmer, due to the time slow-down. This causes objects and events near the edge of the universe to appear to be red-shifted. They will appear to be less energetic because they spend less of their existence in what we (on Earth) would call real time. The objects may also be receding from Earth by an appreciable velocity4.

By the C-R theory, we would have no quick way of knowing which of the two options (time slow-down or rapidly receding acceleration) caused the red-shift, or how much each part contributed to the total effect. We could suggest that we could devise a much simpler explanation by allowing the universe to exist inside of a completely closed, (C-R type-of) Black-Hole than to attempt to describe our existence inside of a (non C-R) black hole singularity. If this is the case, there probably is 0 (zero, no, nothing, nada) recessional velocity, and 100% red-shift.

No End: Insight

If an inner-Active Zone exists, this implies that some portion of matter in this universe will always exist in it's present configuration and state. This matter will not be subjected to the universe-rending reactions or conditions thought to occur in the conventional Big-Bang type of scenario. Importantly, this implies that the underlying laws of physics of the universe cannot, and do not change arbitrarily with every Black-Hole to Big Bang event. This also implies that the (approximate) quantities and sub-atomic properties of the protons, neutrons, and electrons which exist now have ALWAYS existed. There never was a time when they did not exist, and there never will be a time when they do not exist. The C-R type of Big-Bang has no mechanism, power or method left which will suffice to change the basic nature of protons, neutrons, electrons, neutrinos, or the laws of physics, ....etc, at each recycling.

It is possible that the basic building blocks of matter-energy can undergo violent changes, and some particles can be changed into other particles or into their equivalent energy in intense nuclear reactions. For the most part, our universe's matter which exists now has an infinite recycling lifetime. This matter may have changed states, it may have been recycled through some Black-Hole events, and it may be reworked from time to time in high energy particle collisions.

Matters To Come

From the law of Conservation of Matter-Energy:

Even though our universe, as it exists now, may have had a specific beginning, we must conclude that the matter-energy which makes up our universe has always existed. It never was created from nothing. It never will disappear or dissipate into nothing. Over time, it will recycle. Some of the particles may be changed to their energy-equivalent counterparts, and some energy will be reconfigured back into particles. Literally, the contents of our universe must go back from everlasting and they will remain substantially the same clear into everlasting (not numerically expressible).

We also speculate that the ability of the universe to recycle itself is in no way random. There must be an intelligent Creator behind the design and the execution of recycling.

If the Universe was a random collection of miscellaneous parts then there would be an extremely small probability that the universe could organize itself into an infinitely recycling entity. There would be infinitely greater possibilities that even if accidentally the universe came together once, it would dissipate itself in a one shot deal, and dilute into infinity it's content of matter and energy. Such a universe would be hopelessly lost forever.

The coincidence that we would be around during that once in an infinity event is asking too much of random probability.

There must be an intelligent Creator, guiding the events and plans of the universe. This Creator must be as infinite and old (i.e., everlasting) as the matter-energy which comprises the universe. This Creator may be the direct cause of the accomplishment of the Big Bang. The Big Bang would represent the formal start of this go-round of the cycle of the Universe.