Chapter 3: If Black-Holes Obey the C-R Theory Scenarios

If Black-Holes do behave in the ways described in the previous chapters, we would expect to observe certain key phenomenon throughout the universe.

What about our sun?

Consider this possibility. Imagine an active (Comedy-Recycling theory obeying) Black-Hole at the center of our sun. If this were the case, what would we expect?

First, we would expect that the sun should be producing very few, if any, neutrinos. Conventional theories would predict the generation of many neutrinos as the by-product of the expected Hydrogen fusion reaction proceeding somewhere inside the sun.

We do not demand that no fusion occurs at all, and no neutrinos are ever being created somewhere inside the sun. We merely suggest that whatever fusion, if any does occur, it is secondary to, and driven by the primary energy source, a Black-Hole.

Second, here is what we would expect if a Black-Hole did exist at the center of our sun. Billions of ionized electrons should be streaming away from an area comprising the outer Schwarzschild radius of the Black-Hole, which would be very near the center of the sun. Electrons generated at this depth should produce more intense magnetic effects than electrons which would be released during a fusion powered event. Electrons generated by a fusion powered reaction should not be freed-up much lower than the upper layers of the gas-liquid-plasma at the surface of the sun.

The outward flow of these charged particles should generate measurably large electrical currents. These excess electrons might have the tendency, although mutually repulsive, to join their collective magnetic fields together. This would reinforce the ability of each individual electron to escape through thousands of kilometers of hot liquid solar mass.

By collimating or bunching together these electrons should speed their individual exit from the sun. This bunching of electrons would have the tendency to create huge, explosively energetic, magnetic storms.

[Author's Hint: From this description, this possible scenario should sound suspiciously like sunspots.]

Fourth, we would expect those currents to be somewhat affected by the gravitational influences of the planets orbiting the sun. We could probably detect a very weak seasonal and directional modulation effect of on the sunspot activity.

We would predict that this effect would be caused by the gravitational and tidal influences of the planets sloshing the sun's outer hydrogen-helium gas cloud or liquid ocean around the more massive and inertially damped Black-Hole. As this solar cloud/ocean would be tidally shifted or sloshed around the central Black-Hole, the overall area of the maximum consumption of protons and neutrons could be shifted or directionally concentrated around the Schwarzschild radius at the central region.

This sunspot-modulation effect is what we would expect if the orbits of the nearer planets and more massive planets could slightly influence the sun's charge swallowing activity. There should be some small effect on both the frequency of the sunspots and their intensity when plotted in conjunction with the planetary orbits1.

Fifth, the Black-Hole would be self-throttling. For every atom's nucleus the Black-Hole swallowed, there would be a number of electrons freed. The energetic nature of the accumulated excess of like-repulsing, negative charges (electrons) would spread-out and thin-out matter nearing the Black-Hole's gullet. There could be no thermal runaway of the Black-Hole's rate of reaction. In the same way, there could be no rapid, total collapse of the sun's gas cloud/liquid-ocean, since the heat generated in the vicinity and the mutually repelling negative charges produced would tend to throttle back, or push away the hydrogen and helium fodder.

Sixth, because of the excess negative charges being constantly produced and released, there should be a noticeable solar wind coming from the sun.

The solar wind is normally thought to be composed of a stream of positively charged alpha particles (protons). This is due to the fact that the high energy, massive protons are easy to detect. From foil sheets left in space, the impact craters from the positive charges are also easily measured.

Nonetheless, the Comedy-Recycling theory predicts, if not demands, that the solar wind be predominantly composed of or comprised by excess negative charges. Although these charges have not yet been detected, to the best of my current knowledge, they haven't been looked-for, either.

What about Other Observed Phenomenon/Spectacles? (OOPS)

Let us consider a constantly increasing magnitude of phenomenon, and try to relate these to the process of overcoming the Black-Hole. We could tentatively term these: White-Hole phenomenon.

White-Hole phenomenon would be defined as the equivalent of releasing the stored energy-mass contents of a Black-Hole over an extremely brief period of time. In a fraction of a second, a White-Hole type event could release energy accumulated for thousands, millions, or billions of years by the parent Black-Hole.

A Black-Hole Sings: "Please Release Me!"

On a stellar scale, the anti-Black-Hole phenomenon could be described quite appropriately by the nova.

For a somewhat more massive star, a supernova would be the result.

With a galaxy centered and galaxy sized Black-Hole, the quasar becomes a very viable candidate. This quasar may also be the predecessor equivalent of a younger proto-galaxy viewed several million years earlier.

If a Black-Hole stored away the energy contents from the entire universe, the Big-Bang is an event easily explained by the C-R theory.

All of these possible "White-Hole" events described represent the same type of occurrence. Each event has an increasing proportion of mass and energy released. Also, notice what happens as each magnitude of these events increased. The associated time-frame would appear to be shifted towards an earlier period in the history of the universe. Also, notice that the reference frame for the larger and older events can be viewed as if it encompassed more of the outer edges of the universe.

All white-hole events detected should have a characteristic, noticeably sharp-peaked, high energy positive charged particle burst. The energy for the acceleration of the positive charges released in the "White-Hole" type of events comes courtesy of the gravitational potential energy stored up inside the Black-Hole, over a much longer period of time.

An important C-R theory discovery concerns the time and the timing of the energy release. At the outer areas in our universe, time is slowed-down at the edges. An event taking a fraction of a second measured locally in a quasars local timeframe, could be seen as slowed down (red-shifted) substantially in our local timeframe on earth.

The slowed-down nature of time at the outer reaches of the universe imply that some areas may not only look younger to us, but may still be experiencing the initial or ongoing effects of the Big-Bang. These objects may not just represent the history of the universe as it happened billions of years ago, but literally, would represent some areas now undergoing those same reactions.

This implies that some objects in the universe could be today (by earth time, and their time, too) only minutes or seconds old. The more massive objects might even contribute further to their individual time-slowdown. Objects seen at the edge of the universe which we thought occurred and ceased billions of years ago may even today be the YOUNGER siblings of our own galaxies.

The Aurora-Borealis: Exciting Evidence

Since the C-R theory predicts that Black-Holes and White Holes will be producing exceedingly intense and unexpected quantities of negative and positive charges, any nova or supernova, as well as a solar flare, may produce ionic events which will assist in confirming the C-R theory predictions.

Certainly, the Aurora-Borealis provides visual evidence that electrical ions are active and at times plentiful in the upper atmosphere. The presence of the Aurora confirms the abundance of charged particles (from somewhere) interacting on a grand scale, as near as our own Earth's upper atmosphere. The Aurora in no way hinders or negates any theoretical assumptions or predictions made by the C-R theory.

Compounding: The Problem

One recent discovery in the frigid cold and near-vacuum of deep space has been the abundance of chemical compounds and complex molecules. Until recent times, outer space had been thought of as possessing a very low energy potential, with very limited possibilities of chemical reactions. Scientists had expected to find limited amounts of simple molecules, and primarily, matter in a basic elemental state.

A reasonable question to ask would be: Why are so many compounds and complex organic molecules the rule, and not just the occasional exception? The C-R theory has a convenient explanation to this conundrum. We have predicted a high probability of electrical activities due to the supposition that both Black-Holes and White-Hole phenomenon involve the production of copious amounts of charged particles. We should be little surprised that these charges, zipping around energetically, would catalyze complex chemical reactions even with the given, low energy, low density conditions which had been expected in space. With the given temperature of deep space listed at 2.7K, the chemical reaction rate should have been expected to be lethargic, at best.

While the abundance of complex compounds does not prove the C-R theory, I do regard the issue as another feather in our cap, another piece of circumstantial evidence in our favor.

The Outer Planets (past Mars). A Short Story

The discovery of the volcanic activity on Jupiter's moon Io must represent the biggest shock from the data recorded by the Voyager satellites. Could this volcanism, with its tremendous release of energy, be caused by the shorting together of electrically charged (+) ions and (-) electrons trapped by massive Jupiter?

What if the most massive planet in the solar system was magnetically sweeping up large currents of excessive electrons from the sun, as well as collecting energetic quantities of positively ionized hydrogen and helium atoms from space, in the form of cosmic rays? The inner atmosphere of the planet, or the innermost full sized moon could feel the brunt of the resulting energy released from the de-ionization. Any moon unlucky enough to have a solid metal core would represent a short-circuit to arc welding-quantity currents.

This "short" scenario above is plausible enough to compete with the current favorite explanation. NASA scientists feel that the volcanism might be powered by the tidal drag and tug-of-war from Jupiter's gravitational pull.

If the C-R theory is correct, Io should have an interesting magnetic field. If the energy to power the volcanism is provided by the numerous electrical charges trapped, then the magnetic field should be responsive to the currents flowing through Io. The volcanism may also ebb and flow with the change in currents during increased Sunspot activity.

Catch (10)²²

Additionally, because Jupiter is already the most massive planet in the solar system, it would catch and add even more mass in the form of both ionic hydrogen and helium. Energy would be released when these swept-up ions were re-combined with any handy, nearby electrons to become neutral atoms once again. Jupiter might well be radiating more energy due to that activity, at that spectral wavelength, than it received from the sun.

This would also imply that the planet, by it's size, was continually acquiring a lion's share of the available mass. Given suitable time, this new mass could eventually collapse Jupiter into a proto-star.

To a lesser extent, the same electrical discharge phenomenon may be occurring on Saturn, and the outer planets Uranus and Neptune too.

Spouting off some Steam

Where's the Neutrinos?
or:  Gee, whizz

(Author's note: Since writing the above I have learned that even more intense volcanism appears to be ongoing at the surface of Triton, the largest moon of Neptune. The volcanism has been announced to consist of at least 5 active, nitrogen-steam-spouting volcanoes.)

Briefly mentioned earlier, if thermonuclear fusion is the sole source of energy powering the sun, where are the predicted Neutrinos from the reaction? Some experiments have shown that at the most, there are only 1/3 as many Neutrinos being detected as whizzing from the sun as we would expect.

Can this paucity of Neutrinos result from the supposition that most of the sun's energy is coming from a gas cloud undergoing gravitational collapse into a Black-Hole at the center of the sun? Notice that, if the Black-Hole were the central engine driving the sun, the high-energy conditions near the Schwarzschild radius, the outer boundary of the Black-Hole, may make secondary fusion possible to a lesser extent2.

Is there an Oblers's Paradox for Neutrinos?

Similar in scope to Oblers's paradox, if fusion has powered all of the stars visible in all of the universe for all of these billions of years, then, where are those neutrinos? We must consider these possibilities: Either these neutrinos which we expected don't exist; they had to be taken out of the way, somewhere, or; they must be here, and we can't detect them.

The most reasonable explanation is, even if some neutrinos are being produced by fusion, they are also consumed and held in storage inside any Black-Hole which happens to reside in their path. The C-R theory predicts that neutrinos will also remain trapped inside of a Black-Hole, as determined by the same type of logic which was used in our other thought experiments.

Another Plug for Current Events

or: A Current Concurrence on Currents
subtitled:  The C-R Theory: Raisin a Ruckus

The C-R theory predicts that there should be unexpectedly abundant currents traversing constantly through space3. Excess electrons will be displaced around an active Black-Hole, and excess protons will be released during any of the various White-Hole phenomenon which we've discussed in the paragraphs above. Everywhere out there, preposterous current levels should be detected, compared to the levels expected by modern competing theories.

We predict that these massive currents will be commonplace throughout the universe, not just a local exception occasionally discovered. In addition, highly active ions should be noteworthy in space, which had been considered a cold, low-energy vacuum just a few years ago. I believe that the C-R theory explains why complex organic compounds and molecules are common in space, not just the exception.

North, to Alaska, go north, the Rust is ON

or:  And Now: The Rust of the Story

Engineers were surprised, a few years back, to find the Alaska pipeline corroding faster than they had expected. They concluded that the same currents which caused the Aurora Borealis were causing the premature corrosion of the pipeline.

The Alaska pipeline currents would be another phenomenon which the C-R theory could straightforwardly explain. If currents are bombarding our Earth continuously, what could be more natural than for our planet's magnetic field to corral and concentrate the currents near the magnetic poles? The action of the currents traversing the grounded metal sections of the pipeline could well stimulate premature galvanic ageing.