HIST1302

(Lesson 12 cont.)

II 1960s Protest Movements
   A. Areas of Dissent
       1. Conforming 50s then the Radical 60s
       2. The Civil Rights Movement was the catalyst for the other protest mvts (identity politics)
       3. Political dissent--The New Left (idealistic young people on the nation's campuses;
           bastions of free thought;   1940-1.5m,   1950-2.6m,   1970-7m)
       4. Social and Cultural dissent--The sexual revolution; Dr. Kinsey's Report on human sexuality;
           1960-oral contraceptives (birth control pill)
       5. Pop Culture dissent--The Beat Generation;   Music: Folk, Rock, Acid-Rock;
           1964--The British invasion (The Beatles); Bob Dylan (spokesperson)
   B. Anti-Racism
       1. Civil Rights and the 1960s; From the Civil Rights Mvt, to Black Power, to Black Separatism
       2. 1960--6 years after Brown vs Board, only 1% of the schools in the deep South had integrated
       3. Mississippi Blacks represented 45% of the population, but only 5% registered to vote; (no power! MS=closed society)
       4. Methods used by the CRM: boycotts, mass public protest, nonviolent civil disobedience of unjust laws
       5. MLK--"Meet physical force with soul force... Unjust suffering is redemptive."
       6. Televised brutality and racism on the evening news
       7. CONINTELPRO--FBI's secret bugging & survaillance of the CRM;
           Jan. 1965--Letter sent to MLK suggesting he committed suicide
   C. Most Severe Resistance (AL & MS)
       1. 1961--Freedom Rides--CORE (Congress Of Racial Equality)
            violence in Anniston (firebombed) & Birmingham (attacked & beaten), AL.   RFK had to send them protection
       2. 1963        a. April--"Letter from the Birmingham jail" (MLK)
            b. May--Eugene "Bull" Conner ordered Fire Hoses * Police Dogs used on the demonstrators
            c. June--Murder of Medgar Evers (a WW2 vet)--Shot in the back w/a rifle in his driveway in Jackson, MS.
                A white segregationist in MS was tried and freed; found guilty years later
            d. Sept--Bombing of the 16th St. Baptist Church in Birmingham
            e. 10 killed;   35 homes/Churches bombed;     20,000 arrested
       3. 1964         a. Freedom Summer in MS: Drive to register Black Voters;   Civil Rights Workers & College Students together
            b. Kidnapping & murder of 3 Civil Rights Workers: Andrew Goodman (college student took summer off),
                 James Chane (local CR worker), & Michael Schwerner (college grad living in MS 6 months)
                 Took 6 weeks to discover the bodies!
            c. Brought National Attention & the FBI to MS.
       4. 1965: Bloody Sunday in Selma; March; Deaths of James Reeb (utalitarian minister)&Viola Liuzzo (Detroit housewife)
       5. 1965: After the voilence, some leaders gave up on hope of nonviolent approach
            Stokely Carmichael--aggressive w/Black Power Movement
       6. 1965: Watts Race Riots in LA
       7. 1966: Black Panther Party armed themselves;   Oakland, CA;   Bobby Seale & Huey P. Newton
       8. Black Separatism--Malcolm X (represented Black Muslim Movement)
            Assassinated in NCY in February 1965
   D. Anti-Militarism
       1. 1962--SDS (Students for a Democratic Society) College Students;    1st Chapter in Michigan;   Tom Hayden;
            Participatory Democracy-American citizens need to participate in Dem Process;   1967--300 chapters, 60k members
       2. Weathermen--a violent spin-off group from the SDS (Mark Rudd)
       3. 1964--Free Speech Movement @ University of CA, Berkeley
       4. Anti-War Mvt (1967)--500 a week dying in Vietnam;    (1968)--221 major student demonstrations on 101 campuses
       5. 1967--MLK came out publically against the War
   E. The CounterCulture Movement
       1. Middle-Class youth in revolt against bourgeois behavior, dress, and expression
       2. Hippies--drugs, sex, and Rock-n-roll
       3. Dr. Timothy Leary--"Turn on, Tune in, and Drop out" (LSD)
       4. Unregulated hedonism&drug use came w/price: ultimately deaths of Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, Brian Jones
       5. 1969: East Coast--Woodstock, West Coast--Altamont Raceway Concert
   F. Identity Politics
       1. Brown Power: 1962--Cesar Chavez, 10.5m Hispanics formed the UFW (United Farm Workers)
       2. Red Power: 1968--AIM (American Indian Mvt) Dennis Banks, George Mitchell; 1.3m; Nation's poorest minority group
       3. 1966--NOW (National Organization for Women) Betty Friedan--The Feminime Mystique
   G. Supreme Court Decisions
       1. 1963--Gideon vs Wainwright (Right to a court-appointed lawyer)
       2. 1964--Escobedo vs IL (Right to consult a lawyer before police interrogation)
       3. 1966--Miranda vs AZ (citizens must be informed of basic rights: silence, legal representation presend during interrogation)
III. The Johnson Years (1963-1969)
   A. LBJ Linden B Johnson
       1. 1966--used to unify the Democratic ticket;         2. 1937-in House, 1941-Senator of TX,   30 years in WA;
       3. 1st Southern President since Wilson;                  4. 1954-1960--Senate Majority leader
       5. JFK was not going to use him in 1964;               6. more social legislation was passed w/LBJ than FDR
       * (435 major bills through Congress)
   B. LBJ's Domestic Policy
       1. The Great Society; War on Poverty;                  2. Mike Harrington: The Other Americans
       *1962--20% of the US population living below the poverty line
       3. Economic Opportunity Act ($1billion) Job Corps, Neighborhood Youth Groups, Head Start,
           OEO (Office of Equal Opportunity), VISTA (Volunteers In Service To America)
       4. Election of 1964: D-Johnson-486 elec, 43m pop, 45 states;    ConservativeR-Sen. Barry Goldwater(AZ)52, 27m, 5
       5. Civil Rights Acts:
           a. 1964-(legacy to JFK)outlawed segregation in pub facilities&racial discrimination in edu. and employment
           b. 1965-authorized federal officials to prevent racial discrimination in voting registration
   C. Great Society Programs
       1. 1965--Elementary & Secondary Schools Act $1.3 billion in loans and scholarships
       2. 1965--Medicare Plan (Medical Insurance for the Aged)
       3. 1968--Medicaid (Medical Insurance for the needy)
       4. 1965--HUD (Department of Housing & Urban Development) Robert Weaver (1st Af Am Cabinet Member)
       5. 1968--Educational Opportunity Act, Pell Grants
       6. 1967--1st African American Supreme Court Justice--Thurgood Marshall
       7. Americans living below poverty line: 1962-20%; 1968-12%; cut almost 1/2 in only 6 years!!
   D. LBJ's Foreign Policy
       1. Vietnam--Munich Lesson (Cold War--cannot appease a dictator, Hitler);
                           Domino Theory (if S Vietnam failed w/Ho Chi Minh, there'd be a domino effect)
       2. Tonkin Gulf Resolution--gave pres Johnson authority to "use any necessary means to repel armed attack against Am forces"
       3. Rolling Thunder (1965-1973) Bombing of N Vietnam, 6m tons of bombs
       4. 1965--1st American combat troops sent to S Vietnam, over 500,000 troops
       5. Costs of the War:   58k killed,     300k wounded,     $123billion,    3m Americans served
       6. 1968--TET Offensive (Vietnamese New Year) Planned military assault against Vietnamese Army.   Militarily it was a defeat, enemy pushed back. Psychologically & Politically a victory. Credibility gap--between what administrators tell us and what they really know.   Antiwar Movement.     PG17--FINAL STUDY GUIDE

HIST 1302

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