| Lesson 3 Intro: Rural and Urban Population shift * *Must have 2,500 people to be a city 1. 1860: 20% U ; 80% R 2. 1900: 40% U ; 60% R 3. 1920: 51% U ; 49% R * Number of cities: 1. 1860: 392 2. 1910-2: 2,220 I. Immigration A. Patterns 1. 1860-1920: 25 million immigrants: represented 34% of U.S. growth 2. Types of immigrants *Permanent--not interested in returning to where they came from (most) *Birds of Passage--came w/the idea of staying temporarily (very few) 3. Old vs New Patterns *Old (1870-1890) NW 86%, SE 14% most were Anglo Saxon people many English speaking most protestant *New (1890-1910) NW 37%, SE 63% Slavic people most non-English speaking most Catholic B. Nativism (3 forms) resistant to immigration **WASP=White Anglo Saxon Protestants 1. Economic Nativism--feared losing jobs to immigrants Working man's Party of California; Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) 2. Racial Nativism--founded on racism Josiah Strong: "Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis" (1885) Dillingham Report--Congressional Review endorsed ideas of WASP (1907) 3. Religious Nativism--Anti-Catholic views American Protective Association didn't want any Catholic to hold public office wanted their right to be eliminated II. The Urban Setting (City) A. The Environment 1. Grew too much, too fast 2. Overcrowded housing, polluted streets and rivers (raw sewage, water supply unsaintary--disease epidemics) 3. Immigrants; displaced American farmers and Southern Blacks B. Immigration Adjustment 1. Language Barrier--must learn language to communicate, but no time to learn it 2. Second generation culture clash 3. Prime people for exploitation b/c illiterate, uneducated, can't speak the language III. City Govts **Very corrupt A. City Bossism--strong, heavy-handed rulership, leadership of mayor 1. They developed clannish solidarity w/poor and immigrants 2. Appeal to the poor, upperclass dispossesed them 3. Informal welfare system 4. Helped with jobs and legal assistance 5. Mayor:William Marcy Tweed (NY) sentenced to jail for bribary, kickbacks (money under the table), corruption died in jail in NY 6. Mayor Butler St Louis (MO) same thing--corruption B. Reform Attempts 1. Spend-thrift City Machine vs Tight-fisted Reformers (spend money b/c its there) (less resources, save money) 2. Toledo, OH--Samuel Jones City would own utility companies to not price gouge public 3. Detroit, MI--Hazen Pingree stood against unfair RR rates and unfair taxation IV. Urban Improvements A. Physical Improvement 1. Asphault Streets (1870s) 2. Sewage Plant (1887) LA Cali 3. Filtered Water (1918) end of WW1, late 1800s B. New Ideas 1. Housing Codes (NY) 2. Zoning Laws--divide cities 3. City Parks --Frederick Law Olmstead 4. Skyscrapers --Louis Henri Sullivan, Chicago how possible? Otis elevator systems, use of lightweight durable steel C. City Transit 1. Cable cars (1870s) San Francisco 2. Electric Trolley Lines (1880s) 3. Subways (1897) Boston V. Gilded Age Culture A. Literature (Genteelism, Regionism, etc) 1. Regionism--writing about a particular region; aka local colorists *Bret Harte (1867) wrote about mining camps of CA 2. Realism--main focus was to describe life as it was being lived *Mark Twain co-authored The Gilded Age -Gilded=a shiny surface put onto a rotten one 3. Naturalism--human nature controlled by natural forces *Steven Crain (1893) wrote Maggie, A Girl of the Streets environment shapes personality *Jack London (1904) Seawolf from viewpoint of Neitsche theme that controls human nature is need of power |
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