| Lesson 5: American Imperialism Intro: From Isolation to Expansion 1. 1870s-1890s Domestic Policy overshadows Foreign Policy 2. Growing power and influence of the Presidency in Foreign Policy 3. 4 factors that influenced U.S. expansion a. Market Base--Economic need for overseas market (b/c of industries, we're producing more than we can consume b. Ideological Base--Manifest Destiny--belief that we were providentially given the continent (America is exceptional) c. Religious Base--Protestant Missionary Work--Christianizing Pagans d. Presidential Politics--influence of the President in setting foreign policy and carrying it out (McKinley gets it going) I. American Expansion A. Justify "Stepping Stones" in the Pacific 1. William H Seward, Hamilton Fish, James Blaine: Secretaries under the Presidents 2. Why we need the stepping stones: Naval Bases and Refueling Stations 3. One of the First places we used: Samoa (1878) 4. 1890s Naval Bases in Philippines & Hawaii B. Seward's Folly (1867) 1. Purchase by United States of Alaska from Russia 2. $7.2 million; 500k sq miles; about 2 cents an acre 3. Territory until it became the 49th state in 1959; under President Eisenhower C. New Navalism 1. Alfred Thayer Mahan (1890) "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History" 2. U.S. wanted to join an elite club, World Powers MUST have: a. A powerful, world-class Navy b.Strong Merchant Marine c. Colonies d. Naval Bases to protect its colonies 3. 1900--U.S. Great White Fleet: 17 steel-sided Battleships *Walk softly and carry a big stick--old African saying Roosevelt used* D. "Jingo" Jim Blaine *Jingoism=using excessive Nationalism* 1. Secretary of State under Garfield and Harrison 2. Believed in American Exceptionalism (Manifest Destiny)--White Man's Burden--Anglo Saxon Superiority 3. 1889--Pan American Union formed in Washington D.C.---union between soveriegn states and Latin Americans -Commercial union--shared ideas on trade 4. Madison Grant, John Fisk, John Burgess:: Academic Professors who were teaching Anglo Saxon Superiority (scientific racism) II Hawaii & Latin America A. Hawaii (sugar and soul saving) sugar plantations and protestant missionary work 1. 1778 Captain James Cook 1st to sail there 2. 1820s American Protestant Missionaries settle there--descendants=Sanford Dole Family 3. 1890 McKinley Tariff--Sugar Trade from boom to bust 4. 1891 New Hawaiian Queen (Liliuokalani) proclaimed "Hawaii for the Hawaiians" *Much of the economy there run by Americans 5. Americans in Hawaii organized and helped stage a Coup d'etat--removal of Queen's Power 6. Independent Republic of Hawaii 1894-1898 7. Annexed by the U.S., in 1898, Made a state in 1959 B. Venezuela & The Monroe Doctrine (boundary dispute) (1823 Monroe said no new Eurpoean colonization in Western Hemisphere) 1. 1895 Border dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana (GOLD discovery) 2. Venezuela asked U.S. to mediate, Great Britain refused (back then the relationships w/them were tense) 3. British Admiral said, "The Monroe Doctrine was a Myth" 4. Congressional Regulation states that U.S. will step in and establish a boundary line--wouldnt back own *British finally yeild to international arbitration board III. Problems in Cuba (Cuba was under Spanish control for over 400 years) A. Cuban rebels--trying to gain their independence Spanish General Weyler sent in troops to do whatever is necessary to crush the rebellion -established political concentration camps (prisons) to put rebels in B. U.S. Sympathies--we were sympathetic b/c of the torture there; we believed Spanish were being unfair 1. "Yellow Press"--sensational exaggerated newspaper reports of what was going on in Cuba 2. De Lome "Letter World's Journal" published a letter written by a Spanish Official he'd said in it that the U.S. President was cowardly for not standing up to them said the U.S. was a "paper tiger" which means all talk and no action 3. USS Marine (Jan 1898) President McKinley sent it to Cuba to be stationed in the Havana Harbor 266 service men died b/c it exploded in Feb 1898, cause=internal malfunction 4. Teller Amendment (introduced into Congress by Congressman Teller) said we'll go to War to liberate Cuba, but not annex Cuba C. War is unavoidable at this point IV. Spanish-Ameican War (April 1898; First war after Civil War) helps reunite the country; brings N&S back toghether A. Splendid Little War *10 weeks long * not much cost * not too many casualties (most deaths were b/c of disease) * 270,000 American men served * **Theodore Roosevelt--Assistant Secretary of Navy when war began ordered our Pacific fleet to the SE to be ready to move into the Philippines. **Balttle of Manella Bay (1898) we destroyed the Spanish fleet rather easily **TR = volunteer officer in the "Rough Riders" and generated national fame **Rough Riders: volunteer Calvary Regiment B. Spoils of War Imperialist vs Anti-Imperialist 1. Imperialist---said we are entitled to take everything we won and colonize it 2. Anti-Imp---no, we should grant them independence C. Treaty of Paris (signed in Oct 1898) (Treaties must be ratified in the U.S. Senate) **Political Negotiation: Spain was given $20million; America got Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico; Cuba=independent V. Imperial America A. Filippino Resistance 1899-1902 B. Latin America McKinley thought we could: 1. Give it back to Spain; no, seems too cowardly 2. Let another European power take it; no, bad business for the U.S. 3. Grant independence like Cuba; no, they are unfit to govern themselves (hints WASP concept) 4. America take them and civilize & Christianize them, bring them into the modern world |
| HIST 1302 |
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