| (Lesson 8 cont. w/III) C. Post-War Black America 1. Black migration to the North (1.5 m) mainly to work in factories and escape poverty in the South 2. "Madness with a method" (1882-1943---5,000 lynchings, mostly African Americans) 3. 1919 (After the War) Race riots in at least 26 different cities. Most violent: Chicago Race Riot; Reason for riots: adjustments 4. Harlem Renaissance (Art, Literature, Music) Langston Hughs, Jean Toomer, Bessie Smith, Louis Armstrong 5. A. Phillip Randolph--Sleeping Car Porters Union 6. Marcus Garvey (African Nationalism; Back-To-Africa Movement; Universal Negro Improvement Association; video clip: (PBS) www.pbs.org/neighborhoods/history (please RIGHT CLICK and OPEN IN NEW WINDOW to view) -he was deported, deemed a threat (1927) D. Popular Culture 1. Radio: 1920--first comercial broadcast station in Pittsburg--KDKA 2. 1926--NBC, 1927--CBS (chains of radio stations) 1927--FRC (Federal Radio Commission); FCC (Federal Communications Commission) 3. Movies: 1927--talkies, 1928--first Academy Awards, 1930--115million weekly viewers 4. Telephone: 1897--only 1/100 families had telephones; 1930--1/6 families 5. Literature: Sinclair Lewis: Main Street; F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby Ernest Hemingway: The Sun Also Rises & Farewell To Arms; 6. Sports: Football, NFL--1922; Reason for infatuation w/football: "surrogate frontier" (national religion), mastery impulse, vicarious element V. 1920s Radicalism A. Rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan 1. 1915 The Birth of a National Film; D. W. Griffith 2. 1915 William J. Simmons--Stone Mountain, GA--revised KKK Plan 3. Cultural and Racialist movement (100% Americanism, WASP idea) 4. National, White, Middle-Class movement--5m members 5. 1930 declining membership; internal corruption; lack of political adgenda 6. 1925 KKK march down Pennsylvania Ave in DC 1924 KKK ralley in Bmt drew 30,000 ppl B. Scopes Trial (1925) 1. Evolution Debate @ the Popular Level 2. Conservative Fundamentalists vs Liberal Modernists 3. 1921-1928 37 anti-evolution bills in 20 states 4. John Scopes (young, biology high school teacher) & Clarence Darrow (defend Scopes) vs William Jennings Bryan (prosecuter) Dayton, TN; Broke Butler Law teaching evolution in public schools; guilty fined $100 5. Biblical Literalism vs Physical Sciences C. Election of 1928 1. (R) Herbert Hoover: 444 electoral, 21m popular, 40 states (D) Alfred Smith (First Roman Catholic elected to run): 87 elec, 15m pop, 8 states 2. Hoover--conservative, supported Prohibition Smith--Catholic, against Prohibition 3. Urban wing of Democratic Party won out in the National Convention 4. First time since Reconstruction that 5 deep south states went Republican (TX, FL, NC, TN, VA) Lesson 9: The Great Depression & The New Deal Intro: Historians and The New Deal 1. Right--Socialists leaning towards socialism; Idea destroyed some fundamental American liberties 2. Left--Preserved American Capitalism and inequalities of wealth and power. 3. Recent (moderate and middle interpretation)--Initiated an enormous expansion of Federal and Presidential influence I. Boom and Bust "The end of poverty is in sight"-Hoover... why would he say something like that? A. Boom 1. 2/3 of American families owned automobiles 2. 1/3 of American homes had radios 3. 1/2 of American families were home owners 4. 70% of American homes had electricity 5. 1929--GNP was @ all time high of $104 billion B. Bust--Causes of the Great Depression--all of them taken together can explain it 1. Stock Market Crash (October 1929, $30 billion lost) 2. Misplaced Optimism--Price and Production held up, while wages went down (stock market was still booming) 3. International Finanace--War Debts, High Tariffs, American Exports down 4. Wall Street Bull Market--buying on margin (investing in the stock market using borrowed money) C. Effect of the Great Depression 1929-1932 1. 5,000 banks closed their doors (10m Americans lost their savings) 2. GNP down 30% 3. National Average Income down 50% 4. Industrial production down 50% 5. 85,000 American businesses closed their doors (Assets of $4.5 billion) 6. 25% of American working class were unemployed (12 million Americans) *All time high in American history 7. Working class was worst hit; Upper Middle & High Class just tightened the belt a little II. Hoover & The Depression A. Hoover's Inaction--he doesn't do much to address the problem 1. Nov 1929 call for voluntary action provided by private groups and Local Govts 2. Refused to allow the Federal Govt to borrow to finance massive public works feared that large massive programs would cut into private sector of industries B. Hoover's Programs 1. RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corp) $1.2 billion in loans to big business; critics call it Hoover's breadline for big business 2. ERCA (Emergency Relief Construction Act) $1.5 billion for state & public works projects--public buildings 3. FHLBA (Federal Home Loan Bank Act) help stop foreclosures C. BEF (Bonus Expeditionary Force) 1032 1. 1924 Congress established a "delayed bonus" for WW1 veterans to be paid in 1945 2. 1931 Veterans got Congress to give them half, over Hoover's veto 3. 1932 Veterans came back and demanded the rest, camped out on the outskirts of Washington (Anacostia Flats) D. Election of 1932 1. Democrats: FDR (Theadore R's 5th cousin, Assist Sec of Navy WW1, contracted polio in 1921) Repeal the 18th Amendment; Seek Govt responisble for human welfare; "New Deal for the forgotten man" 2. Republicans: Hoover (referendum on Prohibition) 3. FDR voter coalition (S&W farmers, industrial workers, immigrants, Catholics) 1932 increased in size) 4. FDR (D)--472 electoral, 23m popular, 42 states Hoover (R)--59 electoral, 16m pop, 6 states (283 counties that had never voted Dem before did) |
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