HIST1302

Lesson 10--World War II

I Seeds of Conflict
   A. The Far East
       1. 1904-05: Russo-Japanese War, Japanese really did outdo the Russians
           Treaty signed in Portsmouth, NH     (1)Both MUST pull out of Manchuria, (2) Japan allowed to annex Korea (1910)
       2. 5 Great Powers:   British, US, Japan, France, Italy.     1921-22: Five Power Naval Treaty
       3. 1929-Congress placed complete ban on immigration from the Far East (very racist!)
       4. 1931-32: Japanese invade Manchuria (China), needed natural resources (made new estate named Manchuko)
       5. US responded w/the Stimson Doctrine (1932) [Stimson=Sec of state under Hoover]
           -US would not give recognition of Manchuko, called for the old policy of US open door policy
       6. 1937-38 Japanese invade deeper into China: Shanghai and Nanking
       7. 1940 Japanese invaded French-Indo-China (at the time, a colony under control of France)
   B. Dictators in Europe
       1. Political and economic confusion in Postwar Europe
       2. Italy-1922-(Benito Mussolini)-Facism, Totalitarianism
       3. 1935--Mussolini invaded Ethiopia, defying the league of Nations
       4. 1929--Germany in economic collapse and political confusion
       5. 1920s Germany--National Socialist German Workers Party (birthed in beer pubs in Munic)--aka Nazis (Adolf Hitler)
           a. Jan 1933--Hitler made the Chancellor of Germany
           b. Burning of the Reichstag (German Govt building); Emergency Powers Act
           c. 1934 Germany withdrew from the League of Nations, Began massive rearmament
           d. 1936 Hitler and German forces reoccupied the Rhineland; No resistance from the French, Rome-Berlin Axis--
               Between Hitler and Mussolini-declaired War on New Axis (between facism and Nazism
           e. 1938--Annexed Austria--world thought it was stopped by the Munich Pact between Great Britain & Germany
               Chamberlain went to Germany; Hitler & Neville Chamberlain Appeasement:
                 -give Hitler the Sudantenland if he promise to stop expansion of Czech
           f. March 1939-Hitler occupied all of Czechoslovakia.
   C. US Isolationism
       1. Most Americans deplored the dictators, but did not want to draw into another European war
       2. 1934-36--Nye Committee Hearings ( Nye=Senator that chaired committee)
           Official Title: Senate Munitions Investigating Committee
           Investigating: origins of WW1;    Concluded: munitions and manufacturers & international bankers had encouraged the war
           Refers to the m&m & internat bankers as "merchants of death"
       3. 1930s Congress passed the Neutrality Acts:
           President could: a. prohibit arms shipments to belligerents; b. forbid Americans from sailing on belligerent ships;
           c. refuse trade and credit to warring powers.     *Purpose: prevent America from being dragged into the war situation
       4. US Poll (1937) 94% of Americans for non-intervention (isolation)
       5. FDR's 2nd term (1937) He denounced on record "international lawlessness and the 3 bandit nations (Italy, Germ, Japan)
       6. By mid 1939, New Poll shows that 65% of Americans were for boycotting (cut off all trade) Germ & Italy
            55% wanted to revise the Neutralities and to aid, trade arms with, the democracies
II. Erosion of US Neutrality
   A. 1939
       1. Non-Agression Pact between Germany and Russia
       2. Sept 1, 1939--Germany invaded Poland, Sept 3-GB & France
       3. US switches to the Cash-and-Carry policy w/the allies
   B. Hitler in Europe--April-June-1940 Blitzkrieg
       1. Poland fell in 5 weeks;   2. Norway and Denmark: 18 days;   3. Belgium: 17 days;   4. Holland: 5 days;
       5. France: 6 weeks;   6. Dunkirk: May 1940;   7. Paris surrendered in June
       8. Fall 1940--US began a massive rearmament program and passed a peace-time draft
       9. Late 1940-41--Battle of Britain--Hitler chose not to fight head on, but to "bomb them into submission"
           -German bombing raids over Great Britain (civilians, cities, unlimited warfare)
       10. Sept 1940--Rome, Berlin, Tokyo--3 part Axis powers
   C. FDR's 3rd Term (only president to have one) 1941-1945
       1. Interventionists vs Isolationists (Committee to defend America by aiding the Allies vs America First Committee)
       2. 1940 Poll--50% Americans wanted to help England
       3. Wendell Willkie (R) 10 states, 82 electoral, 22.3m popular votes
            FDR (D) 38 states, 449, 27.2m
   D. Lend-Lease Act 1941
       1. Winston Churchill made a personal plea to FDR for help
       2. March 1941 Congress dropped the cash-and-carry policy and adopted land-lease act
           --trade anything and everything the allies need and ship too
       4. US support for the Allies by 1945 was $50 billion
   E. Miscalculations about Japan in the Far East
       1. 1940 US enacted a partial embargo on Japanese trade (put economic pressure on them)
       2. 1941 Japanese announce a protectorate over all of French Indo-China, US issue a complete trade embargo on Japan

HIST 1302

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