| (Lesson 11 Cont.) III PostWar Society A. Civil Rights 1. Brown vs Board of Education 1954; Cheif Justice of Court=Earl Warren 2. Murder of Emmett Till, 1955, He lived in Chicago, died while spending time w/relatives in MS 3. Little Rock Nine, 1957 (Central High School) General Orval Faubus 4. Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955 (Rosa Parks, MLK) Reason So Successful: --It was a united grass-roots mvt. willingly chose to boycott 5. SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) 1957 "It's better to walk in dignity than to ride in shame" Nonviolent protest of unjust laws!! 6. 1957 Civil Rights Act IV PostWar Foreign Policy A. The United Nations 1. April-June 1945 Civil Rights Act 2. Security Council (11 Nations; 5 Permanent Members-US, GB, SU, France, China) 3. 50 Nations; 282 delegates. B. PostWar Europe and Asia 1. Eastern European countries fall into the Soviet Camp (Poland, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Albania, Yugoslavia) 2. Western Europe (The power vacuum created by war leads to decolonization movements around world) a. French-Indo China: Vietminh, Ho Chi Minh (Marxist, wanted independence) b. Middle-East: Arab Nationalism, Nation of Israel c. China: Chinese Nationalists (Chaing Kai Shek), Chinese Communists (Mao Tse Tung) *Sec of State John Foster Dulles recording addresses the fall of Dien Bien Phu, 1954 North--Communist & Ho Chi Minh South--Free, Election 1956 all of them vote C. Understanding the Cold War 1. Setting: Instability in Europe and Asia; Only 2 super powers left 2. Means: Diplomacy, Propaganda, Economic Pressures; Military intimidation 3. Motives: Marxism (Communist) vs Capitalism; Diverse Political and Economic Ideologies 4. Goals: nonaligned third world countries in their own camps 5. Message: American Colonial Imperialism vs Athletic Materialist Marxism; Land Reform; In God We Trust; One Nation Under God; Marx said "Religion is the opiate of the people" (drug of the ppl) D. Truman and the Cold War 1. Containment (George Kennan) we must learn from the "Munich Lesson" 2. Containment under Truman: a. 1947 Truman Doctrine: US Aid $400m to Turkey and Greece b. American and Chiang Kai Shek (1945-1949) c. 1948-1951 The Marshall Plan $17 billion of aid and supplies for the European Recovery E. Moves and countermoves of the cold war 1. Feb 1948--Communist coup d'etat in Prague; Czechoslovakia last to fall in E Europe 2. June 1948 to May 1949--US Berlin Airlift; Surface traffic blockage of Berlin by Stalin 3. April 1949--Formation of NATO (12 nations) 4. Sept 1949--Russians test exploded their first atomic bomb 5. 1955--Formation of the Warsaw Pact (8 nations) F. Ike and the Cold War 1. Containment advances to Liberation (Sec of state, John Foster Dulles) 2. US President falls short of "Liberation" in Hungary, 1956 (Hungarian Freedom Fighters) 3. Eisenhower--"more bang for the buck"--nuclear weapons over conventional weapons; 1953-1956 defense budget went down by $14.66 billion 4. CIA--the covert foreign policy arm; assassinations and camps: a. 1953--CIA led coup in Iran; put in place a pro-western ruler b. 1954--CIA led coup in Guatamala, United Fruit Co. c. 1959--Cuban Revolution; Castro came to power over Batista d. 1960--CIA planned invasion of Cuba; Bay of Pigs G. The Arms Race 1. 1952--US test exploded its first H bomb; 10 months later the USSR exploded their own 2. US was ahead for awhile with their SAC system (Strategic Air Command; B29 bombers) 3. Then the USSR developed the first ICBMs (Radar guided rockets w/nuclear warheads) --15 min from Russia; --2 min from Cuba 4. US developed the DEW system (Distance Early Warning) chain of radar stations 5. They could not detect the use of our U-2 Spy plane to fly over Russia H. Containment in Asia 1. China fell to the Communists in 1949; Republic of China in Taiwan; Chiang Kai-Shek; People's Republic of China on the mainland; Chairman Mao 2. PostWar Korea divided @ the 38th parallel: Republic of Korea in the S; People's Republic of Korea in the N. 3. June 1950--N Korea invaded S Korea; 95,000 Soviet armed N Korean troops 4. UN Police Action of the Korean War; "The Foreign War" a. MacArthur drives the N Koreans back to the 38th parallel; Truman commands MacArthur to Liberate them b. He drives them far into the N and then the Chinese Communists enter the war. c. He is not allowed to fight an all-out war in fear of starting a nuclear war w/the Chinese and the Russians 5. Peace Settlement in June, 1953; War costs: $40b; 34,000 killed; 102,000 wounded; 8,100 MIAs (missing in actions) V PostWar Red Scare A. The Enemy Within 1. National Paranoia--charges of subversion, fear of communism, belief in a Monolithic Communist Conspiracy. 2. 1948--HUAC (House of UnAmerican Activities Committee) --Whittaker Chambers Case: Richard M Nixon (congressman catapulted into fame, member of HUAC) Algre Hiss (brought forth info he was lying, he is convicted--perjury, Did know Chambers) worked w/FDR 3. 1950 Los Alamos Plant, NM: Klaus Fuchs; David Greenglass; Julius and Ethel Rosenburg; Rosenbergs executed in 1953 B. McCarthyism 1. Republicans accuse the Democrats of being soft on Communism; McCarthy called it "20 years of treason" 2. 1947-1951--Truman's 4 year Loyalty Probe--3m cleared; 2,000 resigned; 212 dismissed; 11 imprisoned 3. Senator Joseph McCarthy--Political opportunist; 1950--had a list of 205 members of State Dept accused Communist 4. McCarthyism--Mood of fear and suspicion; actions of repression and intolerance C. McCarthy's downfall 1. Army--McCarthy Hearings (1954) a. he accused the Sec of the Army of promoting a known Communist Serviceman b. The hearings were televised; the public did not like what they saw c. McCarthy was bullying the witness; using innuendos, and tasteless humor 2. Senate censured McCarthy in a 67 to 22 vote 3. He died in May of 1957 |
| HIST 1302 |
| Pg1-L1 Pg2-L1&2 Pg3-L2 Pg 4-L3 Pg5-L4 Pg6-L5 Pg7-L5&6 Pg8-L6 Pg9-L8 Pg10-L8&9 Pg11-L9 Pg12-L10 Pg13-L11 Pg15-L12 Pg16-L12 |
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