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TERMS REL RELATING TING TO THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY A B C D E F G H I j k L M N O P
A AAMA American Automobile Manufacturers Association Absorption The process by which one substance draws into itself another substance. Examples: a sponge picking up water; an oil recovering gasoline from wet natural gas. ACEA Association des Constrecteurs Europeens (Association of European Automotive Manufacturers) Acid A member of an important and fundamental category of chemical substances characterized by having an available reactive hydrogen and requiring an alkali to neutralize them. Acid solutions usually have a sour, biting and tart taste like vinegar. Acid Sludge The residue left after treating petroleum oil with sulfuric acid for the removal of impurities. It is a black, viscous substance containing spent acid and impurities. Acid Treating A refining process in which unfinished petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene and lubricating oil stocks, are contacted with sulfuric acid to improve their color, odor and other properties. Acidity The amount of free acid in any substance. Additive An agent used for imparting new, or for improving existing characteristics of lubricating oils or greases. Additive Level The total percentage of all additives in an oil. Adhesion The force or forces causing two materials such as a lubricating grease and a metal, to stick together. AFV Alternate Fuel Vehicle AGMA American Gear Manufacturers Association Air Entrainment The incorporation of air in the form of bubbles as a dispersed phase in the bulk liquid. Air may be entrained in a liquid through mechanical means and/or by release of dissolved air due to a sudden change in environment. The presence of entrained air is usually readily apparent from the appearance of the liquid (i.e., bubbly, opaque, etc.), while dissolved air can only be determined by analysis. Alkali In chemistry, any substance having basic properties. The term is applied to hydroxides of ammonium, lithium, potassium, and sodium. They are soluble in water and have the power to neutralize acids and form salts. They turn red litmus blue. In a more general sense, the term is also applied to the hydroxides of the so-called alkaline earth metals- barium, calcium and strontium. Almen EP Lubricant Tester A journal bearing machine used for determining the load-carrying capacity or extreme pressure properties of gear lubricants. Ambient Temperature Temperature of the area or atmosphere around a process, (not the operating temperature of the process itself ) . Anhydrous Free of water, especially of crystallization. Aniline Point The minimum temperature for complete miscibility of equal volumes of aniline and the sample under test ASTM Method D 611. A product of high aniline point will be low in aromatics and naphthenes and, therefore, high in paraffins. Aniline point is often specified for spray oils, cleaning solvents, and thinners, where effectiveness depends upon aromatic content. In conjunction with API gravity, the aniline point may be used to calculate the net heat of combustion for aviation fuels. Anti-foam Agent An additive used to control foam. Antifreeze Solution A fluid, such as ethylene or propylene glycol, which is added to or used to replace the water in the cooling system of engines in order to prevent freezing. Anti-friction Bearing A type of bearing using rollers or balls. They are also known as rolling bearings. Antiknock Resistance to detonation or pinging in sparkignition engines. Antioxidant A chemical added to lubrication oils to resist oxidation. API American Petroleum Institute API Engine Service Classification System Classifications and designations for lubricating oils for automotive engines developed by API in conjunction with SAE and ASTM. API Service categories: Service SJ, SH, SG, SF, SE, SD, SC, SB, CH, CG-4, CF, CF-II, CE, CD, CD-II, CC, CB, and CA.
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