1951 wip

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talcott parsons
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Toward a general theory of action

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preface

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PART 1 The General Theory of Action: introduction

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1 Some Fundamental Categories of the Theory of Action: A General Statement

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1 Some Fundamental Categories of the Theory of Action: A General Statement

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2 RICHARD C. SHELDON: Some Observations on Theory in Social Science

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2 RICHARD C. SHELDON: Some Observations on Theory in Social Science

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2 RICHARD C. SHELDON: Some Observations on Theory in Social Science

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PART 2 Values, Motives, and Systems of Action: Introduction

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1 Categories of the Orientation and Organization of Action

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1 Categories of the Orientation and Organization of Action

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1 Categories of the Orientation and Organization of Action

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2 Personality as a System of Action

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3 Systems of Value Orientation

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3 Systems of Value Orientation

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4 The Social System: SOME MAJOR FEATURES AND PREREQUISITES

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4 The Social System: SOME MAJOR FEATURES AND PREREQUISITES

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5 Conclusion

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PART 3 A Psychological Model: Introduction

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3 Learning and the Psychodynamic Mechanims LEARNING

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A Psychological Model

Learning and Psychodynamic

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4 Further Problems Connected with the Model> THE NEED SYSTEM

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A Psychological Model

Further Problems

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5 Value Standards; Pattern Variables; Social Roles; Personality> VALUE STAN

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A Psychological Model

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PART 4 The Theory of Action and Its Application

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1 GORDON W. ALLPORT Prejudi

A Problem in Psychological and Social Cau

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2 CLYDE KLUCKHOHN AND OTHERS Values and Value-Orientations in the T

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3 HENRY A. MURRAY Toward a Classification of Interactions

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4 Social Behavior and Personality Development 1 ROBERT R. SEARS

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The Theory and Its Application

Social Behavior and Personality Developme

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5 An Empirical Study of Technical Problems in Analysis of Role Obligations S

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The Theory and Its Application

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Index, -506

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Contents - 3:53 PM 7/24/01

PART 1 - The General Theory of Action

1.1

SOME FUNDAMENTAL CATEGORIES OF THE THEORY OF ACTION: A GENERAL STATEMENT

Talcott Parsons, Edward A. Shils, Gordan W. Ailport, Clyde Kluckhohn, Henry A.Murray, Robert R. Sears, Richard C. Sheldon, Samuel A. Stouffer, Edward C.Tolman

(1) Introduction.

(2) The frame of reference of the theory of action.

(3) Some fundamentals of behavior psychology.

(4) Interaction and the development of personality.

(5) Cultural aspects of action systems.

(6) The social system. A note on the place of economic theory and political theory in the general theory of action.

1.2

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THEORY IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

Richard C. Sheldon

PART 2 - Values, Motives, and Systems of Action

Talcott Parsons, Edward A. Shils, with the assistance of James Olds

INTRODUCTION

2.1

CATEGORIES OF THE ORIENTATION AND ORGANIZATION OF ACTION.

Action and its orientation.

Components of the frame of reference of the theory of action.

Commentary on the frame of reference.

Classification of objects.

Orientation to the situation.

Dilemmas of orientation and the pattern variables.

The definition of pattern variables.

The interrelations of the pattern variables.

Classification of need-dispositions and role-expectations.

Classification of components of the object situation.

The basic structure of the interactive relationship.

The concept of system and the classification of types of systems.

2.2

PERSONALITY AS A SYSTEM OF ACTION.

Motivational concepts.

Need-dispositions.

Functional prerequisites of the personality system.

Learning processes and performance processes.

The mechanisms.

Subintegrations in the personality system.

The articulation of personality and social systems.

Need-dispositions and role-expectations.

Individuality.

Deviance.

2.3

SYSTEMS OF VALUE-ORIENTATION.

The place of value-orientation patterns in the organization of culture.

The classification of the elements of culture.

Cognitive symbols.

Expressive symbols.

Evaluative symbols.

Pattern consistency and sources of strain.

The integration of systems of value-orientations into the social system.

Systems of personal values.

The problem of classification of value systems.

2.4

THE SOCIAL SYSTEM.

Major features and prerequisites.

The foci of organization.

The allocation of rewards.

The integration of the social system.

Classification of social systems and their components: structural types.

The content of roles.

Integration: consensus and power.

The analysis of social structure.

Motivation and the dynamics of social process.

The problem of social change.

2.5

CONCLUSION.

PART 3 - A Psychological Model

Edward C. Tolman

3.1

INTRODUCTION.

The independent variables.

The dependent variable of behavior (action).

Intervening variables.

Postulated causal connections.

3.2

THE MODEL.

Need system (A).

Belief-value matrix (B) -

Behavior space (C) -

Locomotion in and resultant restructuring of the behavior space.

Capacity and temperamental traits (T) -

3.3

LEARNING AND THE PSYCHODYNAMIC MECHANISMS.

3.4

FURTHER PROBLEMS CONNECTED WITH THE MODEL

The need system.

Further problems concerning matrices and their effects upon the behavior space.

The discourse use of symbols and social relationship units.

Operational definitions.

3.5

VALUE STANDARDS, PATTERN VARIABLES, SOCIAL ROLES, PERSONALITY

3.6

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

For psychology.

For social science.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PART 4 - The Theory of Action and Its Application

4.1

PREJUDICE: A PROBLEM IN PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL CAUSATION 365

Gardon W. Ailpart

Is research on prejudice basic?

Stimulus approach.

The phenomenological approach.

Personality dynamics and structure: the functional significance of structure.

Conformity.

Socialization.

The situational approach.

Culture and subculture.

The historical approach.

Conclusion.

Bibliography.

4.2

VALUES AND VALUE-ORIENTATIONS IN THE THEORY OF ACTION: AN EXPLORATION IN DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION.

Clyde Kluckhohn

Normative and existential propositions.

Definition of value for the theory of action.

Operational indices.

Operations for the study of values.

Toward a classification of values and value-orientations.

Differentiation from related concepts.

4.3

TOWARD A CLASSIFICATION OF INTERACTION.

Henry A. Murray

A few assumptions.

Opinions unfavorable to the classification of tendencies (needs).

Varieties of activities, actions, needful states.

Debated issues and possible solutions.

Criteria for the classification and discrimination of needs.

Final suggestion.

Bibliography.

4.4

SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT.

Robert R. Sears

Action.

Monadic and dyadic units.

Dynamics.

Personality as antecedent.

Personality Development.

Bibliography.

4.5

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF TECHNICAL PROBLEMS IN ANALYSIS OF ROLE OBLIGATION.

Samuel A. Stouffer

Role conflict and personality.

Note on Lazarsfeld's latent distance scale as applied to role conflict data.

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Fig. 1 COMPONENTS OF THE ACTION FRAME OF REFERENCE

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Fig. 2 DERIVATION OF THE PATTERN VARIABLES

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Fig. 3 VALUE COMPONENTS OF NEED-DISPOSITIONS

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Fig. 3a TYPES OF VALUE COMPONENTS OF NEED-DISPOSITIONS

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Fig. 4 VALUE COMPONENTS OF ROLE-EXPECTATIONS

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Fig. 4a TYPES OF VALUE COMPONENTS OF ROLE EXPECTATIONS

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Fig. 5 GROUPING OF CHOICE PATTERN VARIABLES

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Fig. 6 - ACTION RELEVANT STRUCTURE OF THE OBJECT SYSTEM

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Fig. 7 C

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Fig. 8 CLASSIFICATION OF THE PRIMARY MECHANISM OF ADJUSTMENT

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Fig. 9 POINTS OF RELATION BETWEEN SOCIAL SYSTEMS ANO PERSONALITY SYSTEMS

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Fig. 10 MAJOR TYPES OF SOCIAL VALUE-ORIENTATION

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Fig. l0a THE TRANSCENDENT~ACHIEVEMENT IDEAL

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Fig. l0b THE IMMANENT-ACHIEVEMENT IDEAL

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Fig. l0c THE TRANSCENDENT QUALITY-PERFECTION IDEAL

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Fig. l0d THE IMMANENT QUALITY-PERFECTION IDEAL

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Fig 11 - T

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Figure 12 -

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Fig. 13 INSTRUMENTAL COMPLEX

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Fig. 14 (UNTITLED: Universalism-Particularism / Discipline-Affectivity)

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Fig. 15 - POINTS OF CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN SOCIAL SYSTEMS AND PERSONALITY SYSTEMS

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