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Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Egypt | Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt and Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization | Limb proportion studies | The Egyptians: (n introduction 2005) textbook |
Quotes: [i]"The evidence also points to linkages to other northeast African peoples, not coincidentally approximating the modern range of languages closely related to Egyptian in the Afro-Asiatic group (formerly called Hamito-Semetic). These linguistic similarities place ancient Egyptian in a close relationship with languages spoken today as far west as Chad, and as far south as Somalia. Archaeological evidence also strongly supports an African origin. A widespread northeastern African cultural assemblage, including distinctive multiple barbed harpoons and pottery decorated with dotted wavy line patterns, appears during the early Neolithic (also known as the Aqualithic, a reference to the mild climate of the Sahara at this time). Saharan and Sudanese rock art from this time resembles early Egyptian iconography. Strong connections between Nubian (Sudanese) and Egyptian material culture continue in later Neolithic Badarian culture of Upper Egypt. Similarities include black-topped wares, vessels with characteristic ripple-burnished surfaces, a special tulip-shaped vessel with incised and white-filled decoration, palettes, and harpoons... Other ancient Egyptian practices show strong similarities to modern African cultures including divine kingship, the use of headrests, body art, circumcision, and male coming-of-age rituals, all suggesting an African substratum or foundation for Egyptian civilization.."[/i] Source: Donald Redford (2001) The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Egypt, Volume 3. Oxford University Press. p. 28 |
Quotes: There is now a sufficient body of evidence from modern studies of skeletal remains to indicate that the ancient Egyptians, especially southern Egyptians, exhibited physical characteristics that are within the range of variation for ancient and modern indigenous peoples of the Sahara and tropical Africa.. In general, the inhabitants of Upper Egypt and Nubia had the greatest biological affinity to people of the Sahara and more southerly areas." (Nancy C. Lovell, " Egyptians, physical anthropology of," in Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, ed. Kathryn A. Bard and Steven Blake Shubert, ( London and New York: Routledge, 1999) pp 328-332) and "must be placed in the context of hypotheses informed by archaeological, linguistic, geographic and other data. In such contexts, the physical anthropological evidence indicates that early Nile Valley populations can be identified as part of an African lineage, but exhibiting local variation. This variation represents the short and long term effects of evolutionary forces, such as gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection, influenced by culture and geography." ("Nancy C. Lovell, " Egyptians, physical anthropology of," in Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, ed. Kathryn A. Bard and Steven Blake Shubert, ( London and New York: Routledge, 1999). pp 328-332) |
Quotes: "The raw values in Table 6 suggest that Egyptians had the super-Negroid body plan described by Robins (1983).. This pattern is supported by Figure 7 (a plot of population mean femoral and tibial lengths; data from Ruff, 1994), which indicates that the Egyptians generally have tropical body plans. Of the Egyptian samples, only the Badarian and Early Dynastic period populations have shorter tibiae than predicted from femoral length. Despite these differences, all samples lie relatively clustered together as compared to the other populations." (Zakrzewski, S.R. (2003). "Variation in ancient Egyptian stature and body proportions". AJPA 121 (3): 219-229. Quote: "Intralimb
(crural and brachial) indices are significantly higher in
ancient Egyptians than in American Whites (except crural
index among females), i.e., Egyptians have relatively
longer distal segments (Table 4). Intralimb indices are
not significantly different between Egyptians and
American Blacks... Many of those who have studied ancient
Egyptians have commented on their characteristically
tropical or
African body plan (Warren, 1897;
Masali, 1972; Robins, 1983; Robins and Shute, 1983, 1984,
1986; Zakrzewski, 2003). Egyptians also fall within the
range of modern African populations (Ruff and Walker,
1993), but close to the upper limit of modern Europeans
as well, at least for the crural index (brachial indices
are definitely more African).. In
terms of femoral and tibial length to total skeletal
height proportions, we found that ancient Egyptians are
significantly different from US Blacks, although still
closer to Blacks than to Whites."
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Quotes: "Ancient Egyptian civilization was, in ways and to an extent usually not recognized, fundamentally African. The evidence of both language and culture reveals these African roots. The origins of Egyptian ethnicity lay in the areas south of Egypt. The ancient Egyptian language belonged to the Afrasian family (also called Afroasiatic or, formerly, Hamito-Semitic). The speakers of the earliest Afrasian languages, according to recent studies, were a set of peoples whose lands between 15,000 and 13,000 B.C. stretched from Nubia in the west to far northern Somalia in the east. They supported themselves by gathering wild grains. The first elements of Egyptian culture were laid down two thousand years later, between 12,000 and 10,000 B.C., when some of these Afrasian communities expanded northward into Egypt, bringing with them a language directly ancestral to ancient Egyptian. They also introduced to Egypt the idea of using wild grains as food." (Christopher Ehret (1996) "Ancient Egyptian as an African Language, Egypt as an African Culture." in: Egypt in Africa, Theodore Celenko (ed), Indiana University Press) "Ancient Egypt belongs to a language group known as 'Afroasiatic' (formerly called Hamito-Semitic) and its closest relatives are other north-east African languages from Somalia to Chad. Egypt's cultural features, both material and ideological and particularly in the earliest phases, show clear connections with that same broad area. In sum, ancient Egypt was an African culture, developed by African peoples, who had wide ranging contacts in north Africa and western Asia." (Morkot, Robert (2005) The Egyptians: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 10) |
"Populations and cultures now found south of the desert roamed far to the north. The culture of Upper Egypt, which became dynastic Egyptian civilization, could fairly be called a Sudanese transplant." (Egypt and Sub-Saharan Africa: Their Interaction. Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa, by Joseph O. Vogel, AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, California (1997), pp. 465-472 ) |
"..sample populations available from northern Egypt from before the 1st Dynasty (Merimda, Maadi and Wadi Digla) turn out to be significantly different from sample populations from early Palestine and Byblos, suggesting a lack of common ancestors over a long time. If there was a south-north cline variation along the Nile valley it did not, from this limited evidence, continue smoothly on into southern Palestine. The limb-length proportions of males from the Egyptian sites group them with Africans rather than with Europeans." (Barry Kemp, "Ancient Egypt Anatomy of a Civilisation. (2005) Routledge. p. 52-60) |
"Using
primarily linguistic evidence, and taking into account
recent archaeology at sites such as Hierakonpolis/Nekhen,
as well as the symbolic meaning of objects such as
sceptres and headrests in Ancient Egyptian and
contemporary African cultures, this paper traces the
geographical location and movements of early peoples in
and around the Nile Valley. It is possible from this
overview of the data to conclude that the limited
conceptual vocabulary shared by the ancestors of
contemporary Chadic-speakers (therefore also contemporary
Cushitic-speakers), contemporary Nilotic-speakers and
Ancient Egyptian-speakers suggests that the earliest
speakers of the Egyptian language could be located to the
south of Upper Egypt or, earlier, in the Sahara. The
marked grammatical and lexicographic affinities of
Ancient Egyptian with Chadic are well-known, and
consistent Nilotic cultural, religious and political
patterns are detectable in the formation of the first
Egyptian kingships. The question these data raise is the
articulation between the languages and the cultural
patterns of this pool of ancient African societies from
which emerged Predynastic Egypt." --Anselin, A (2011) Some
notes about an early African pool of cultures from which
emerged Egyptian civilization. |
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Limb
proportions group ancient Egyptians closer to tropical
Africans and African-Americans "Limb length proportions in males from Maadi and Merimde group them with African rather than European populations. Mean femur length in males from Maadi was similar to that recorded at Byblos and the early Bronze Age male from Kabri, but mean tibia length in Maadi males was 6.9cm longer than that at Byblos. At Merimde both bones were longer than at the other sites shown, but again, the tibia was longer proportionate to femurs than at Byblos (Fig 6.2), reinforcing the impression of an African rather than Levantine affinity." -- Smith, P. (2002) The palaeo-biological evidence for admixture between populations in the southern Levant and Egypt in the fourth to third millennia BCE. in E.C.M van den Brink and TE Levy, eds. Egypt and the Levant: interrelations from the 4th through the 3rd millenium, BCE. Leicester Univ Press: 2002, 118-28 |
Modern Egyptians cluster with
Sub-Saharan Africans on several counts QUOTE: "The biological characteristics of modern Egyptians show a north-south cline, reflecting their geographic location between sub-Saharan Africa and the Levant. This is expressed in DNA, blood groups, serum proteins and genetic disorders (Filon 1996; Hammer et al. 1998; Krings et al. 1999). They can also be expressed in phenotypic characteristics that can be identified in teeth and bones (Crichton 1966; Froment 1992; Keita 1996). These characteristics include head form, facial and nasal characteristics, jaw relationships, tooth size, morphology and upper/lower limb proportions. In all these features, Modern Egyptians resemble Sub-Saharan Africans (Howells 1989, Keita 1995)." -- Smith, P. (2002) The palaeo-biological evidence for admixture between populations in the southern Levant and Egypt in the fourth to third millennia BCE. in E.C.M van den Brink and TE Levy, eds. Egypt and the Levant: interrelations from the 4th through the 3rd millenium, BCE. Leicester Univ Press: 2002, 118-28 |
Limb
proportions: "These
same log shape variables were subjected to two forms of
cluster analysis: neighbor-joining (NJ) and unweighted
pair-group method using averages (UPGMA) tree analysis.
Figure 8 is the NJ tree. It has two main branchesa
long and linear body build branch that includes the
Egyptians, Sub-Saharan Africans (except for the Pygmies),
and African-Americans and a second, less linear body form
branch that includes the Inuit, Europeans,
Euro-Americans, Puebloans, Nubians, and Pygmies. Note
that the Nubians used in this study are thought by some
to represent an immigrant population from Europe or
Western Asia [see Holliday (1995)]." |
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Affinities
of Egyptians and sub-Saharan Africans detailed in
mainstream scientific studies. [quotes]: "From the Mesolithic to the
early Neolithic period different lines of evidence
support an out-of-Africa Mesolithic migration to the
Levant by northeastern African groups that had biological
affinities with sub-Saharan populations. From a genetic
point of view, several recent genetic studies have shown
that subSanaran genetic lineages (affiliated with the
Y-chromosome PN2 clade; Underhill et al. 2001) have
spread through Egypt into the Near East, the
Mediterranean area, and, for some lineages, as far north
as Turkey (E3b-M35 Y lineage; Cinniogclu et al. 2004;
Luis et al. 2004), probably during several dispersal
episodes since the Mesolithic (Cinniogelu et al. 2004;
King et al. 2008; Lucotte and Mercier 2003; Luis et al.
2004; Quintana-Murci et al. 1999; Semino et al. 2004;
Underhill et al. 2001). This finding is in agreement with
morphological data that suggest that populations with
sub-Saharan morphological elements were present in
northeastern Africa, from the Paleolithic to at least the
early Holocene, and diffused northward to the Levant and
Anatolia beginning in the Mesolithic. |
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Compiled Archives of the Nile Valley Study Group
2003-2010
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African Tmeline| Mesopotamia
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A Tropical Civ | Notes8|
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Link to current African DNA research: (http://exploring-africa.blogspot.com/) |
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