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Egypt in Africa
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Double standards and selective exclusions in research on Nile Valley peoples: A review of Kemp dendrogram
1)
Egyptians group more with each other and Nubians first, then other Africans like Ethiopians then with Europeans or Middle Easterners
2) The closest match to the Nubians & Egyptians is based on using ANCIENT Europeans and Middle Easterners who looked like East Africans. The Near East ancients could also include the Negroid Natufians as well. Europe was populated by a subset of peoples from East Africa in the OOA model. It is no surprise that East African looking people based in Europe, match up with East African looking people based in Egypt. This is confirmed by Brace 2005., and Hanihara (1996) states similarly: ‘Early West Asians looked like Africans.”
3) Other “Africans” are lumped together as ‘Negroid’ but this is a misleading implying that they all are the same, when in fact they include Ethiopians, Nubians, Upper Egyptians Saharans, etc.
Note the double standards at work. People from Greece, Anatolia, Malta, Cyprus etc are broken out separately so their diversity is counted, but the diverse peoples of ‘sub-Saharan Africa are lumped together to hide variability. Note the selective exclusions of Saharan and sub-Saharans from Somalia, Kenya, Chad, etc, again serving to screen out variability. Note how older Euros are lumped with modern Euros, so that the older Euro features serve to buffer differences and create closer ‘matches’ with Egyptians. Selective definitions of ‘Negroid’ also play a part such as defining away narrow noses as ‘Non-African.” (Keita 2005)
Selective exclusions and strange result of a Nordic Egypt? A review of hanihara 2003
1) Somalians group with other East Africans (sub-Saharans)
2) Egyptians (Naqda, Gizeh) group with each other and ancient Nubians (Kerma). Ancient Nubians from Egypt’s early dynasties were excluded. ‘Kerma’ refers to 12th Dynasty
3) Early Nubia excluded. The other Nubians below Gizeh are Medieval Era, a time of Arab influx and other foreign influences.
4)
Only recent sub-Saharan samples used, and people close to Egypt like Sudanese or Saharans, or Ethiopians excluded,
5) Recent Frenchmen, Englishmen, Russians, Italians and Nordics like Germans appear closer to ancient Egyptians than Southern Europeans like Greeks. Could this be proof of an ‘Aryan’ Egypt?
6) Just such a possibility was debunked by Keita (Early Nile Valley Farmers From El-badari, 2005, Journal of Black Studies, 36(2), 191-208). In head to head comparisons, the ancient Badarians of Egypt grouped much more with other Africans than Europeans, including ‘Nordic’ Berg and Norse. Quote: “The Badarian series clusters with the tropical African groups no matter which algorithm is employed .. In none of them did the Badarian sample affiliate with the European series." (Keita 2005, “Early Nile Valley farmers..”)
Debunking the Ward dental studies being used as "proof" of a
"white" Egypt
Debunking population studies of ancient Egypt based on skewed and/or biased sampling:
Upper Egypt- older research- 1966 and continuity:
Sir Alan Gardiner: These were
long-headed-dolicocephalic is the learned term-and below even
medium stature, but Negroid features are often to be observed.
Whatever may be said of the northerners, it is safe to describe
the dwellers in Upper Egypt as of essentially African stock , a
character always retained despite alien influences brought to
bear on them from time to time." (pg. 392; Egypt of the
Pharaohs 1966)
Alleged Mediterranean invaders sweeping into Sahara
says one book- "The Berbers"
"the original Saharans were 'negroid' and left behind their
distinctive art and iconography in rock carvings and art."
Assorted authors claim that said native peoples were overrun
by incoming Caucasoid Mediterraneans who brought horses and
chariots with them, and that around the end of the second
millenium, the Saharan rock art changed from largely pastoral
scenes to show the coming of QUOTE: "elongated white men
with characteristic long hair and pointed beards. Some
confirmation of this racial shift comes from physical
anthropology, although the skeletons seem to show closer
resemblance to groups from the upper Nile Valley than to
contemporary material from the Maghreb."
What is interesting is that the frescoes that supposedly show
this 'white' invasion, are backed up anthropologically by
skeletal material from the Upper Nile Valley, in other words,
Egyptians, not Libyans or alleged Mediterranean Caucasoids. The
Upper Nile Valley is in Southern Egypt closer to Nubia than the
north and the Mediterranean sea. And it is in this area that
Keita et al shows cranio-skeletal material that matches a
tropical African pattern. The limb proportion studies of
Zakrzewski also confirm Keita's data. Hence those "long
haired" chariot drivers were not incoming white people but
good old Nile Valley African stock.
The Long-hair and pointed beards is interesting because it again
shows the diversity of peoples and styles in Africa. Both Nubians
and Egyptians themselves wore wigs of long hair, and hair was a
trade item, (Fletcher 2002). It is thus questionable whether the
chariots or horses are of some "Mediterranean"
invasion, since the backup skeletal evidence noted by the authors
themselves, comes from the "darker" areas of Egypt.
Whether the fresco depicts "invasions" is also
questionable. They could merely represent documentation of
travelers with horses, or persons engaging in trade, or any one
of several different possibilities. There is little parallel
corroborating evidence from other sources of sweeping
'invasions'. Nor do they necessarily represent
"foreigners." They could well be more native Saharan
peoples. In any event the skeletal evidence points to other
indigenous African peoples.
Ethiopians notes
(Source: Ethiopians and Khoisan share
the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny, Semino et
al, 2002
Semino shows three sets of Ethiopians being used and only the
Amhara show any high frequencies of J haplogroups, the Oromo and
another set of Ethiopians whose ethnicity is not listed show low
to negligible frequencies of J, the predominant
"Eurasian" lineage in Ethiopians. African haplogroups
form the predominant Y chromosone variation in Ethiopians, with
haplogroups A and B and E2-M75 and various E-M35 derived
lineages, thus J and the numerous small Eurasian lineages have
had only a relatively moderate to minor impact on the
pre-existing African NRY 
diversity.
Are Europeans 'hybrids' according to data by conservative scholars Bowcock and Cavalli-Sforza?
Intermediate clustering of genes in modern studies does not signify "race" nevertheless under assorted "race" models some argue that Europeans may well be a hybrids between Asians and Africans and not at all a primary race according to data by conservative geneticists. According to one review of Cavalli-Sforza's work for example:
"Cavalli-Sforza shows that the European population is
the most genetically mixed-up on earth, being a mix of genes from
Asia and Africa. He uses this to poke fun at Arthur de Gobineau,
the 19th-century French author of the ''Essay on the Inequality
of Human Races,'' which helped inspire German racism. De
Gobineau, he says, ''would die of rage and shame at this
suggestion since he believed that Europeans . . . were the most
genetically pure race, the most intellectually gifted and the
least weakened by racial mixing.''
[--Mark Ridley, "How Far From the Tree?"
NY Times Book Review, August 20, 2000]
Drift, Admixture, and Selection in Human Evolution: A
Study with DNA Polymorphisms
Anne M. Bowcock; Judith R. Kidd; Joanna L.
Mountain; Joan M. Herbert; LucianoCarotenuto; Kenneth K. Kidd;
Luca Cavalli-Sforza
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of
the United States of America,Vol 88, Issue 3 (1991), 839-843.
Tree constructed by maximum likelihood, assuming a model
of admixture between ancestral Africans and ancestral Asians,
fitting the distances of the lower triangle of Table 1. According
to this model two divergent populations contribute in specified
proportions to form a new population. Various pairs of ancestral
populations from which the European branch may have descended by
admixture were tested for choosing ancestral types that
contributed to the admixture. Data were found to be most
consistent with this tree; ancestral Europeans are estimated to
be an admixture of 65% ancestral Chinese and 35% ancestral
Africans.
[-- Bowcock et al.]
GENES, PEOPLES, AND LANGUAGES
By Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza. (2000) Translated by
Mark Seielstad. North Point Press/Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
Quotes:
In terms of genetic distance the greatest difference is between Africans and non Africans.
East Asian [including Black Melanesiasn] and Africans show the greatest genetic distance regardless of phenotype.
Europeans are intermediate between Africans and East Asians.
The genetic difference between Italians and British is 250% greater than the difference between the British and the Germans.
Although not homogeneous, the European landscape has been
characterized by relatively short genetic distances between
individual populations. Classic genetic markers have revealed a
few clearly pronounced genetic outliers, such as the
Greeks....
[---Luigi Cavalli-Sforza [Italian, population geneticist.]
Ironically, such 'hybrid' patterns throw
into question notions of a primary white race, i.e. Europeans:
The Persistence of Racial Thinking and the Myth of
Racial Divergence,
S. O. Y. Keita, Rick A. Kittles, American Anthropologist, New
Series, Vol. 99, No. 3 (Sep., 1997), pp. 534-544
"Nuclear DNA studies also contribute to the deconstruction
of received racial entities. Ann Bowcock and her colleague's
interpretation (Bowcock et al. 1991; Bowcock et al. 1994) of
analyses of restriction-site polymorphisms and microsatellite
polymorphisms (STRPs) suggests that Europeans, the defining
Caucasians, are descendants of a population that arose as a
consequence of admixture between already differentiated
populations ancestral to (some) Africans and Asians. Therefore,
Caucasians would be a secondary type or race due to its hybrid
origin and not a primary race".
[- S.O.Y Keita]
Haplotype map
|
E1b1a --- SRV10831.1, M42, M94, M139, M168, P9, M145, M213, Yap, SRY4064, M96, P29, P2, DYS391p, M2, P1 |
The present-day Egyptian E3b
distribution most likely results from a juxtaposition of various demic episodes.
Since the E3b lineages appear to be confined mostly to the sub-Saharan
populations, it is conceivable that the initial migrations toward North Africa
from the south primarily involved derivative E3b-M35 lineages.
These include E3b1-M78, a haplogroup especially common in Ethiopia (23%), and,
perhaps, E3b2 (2%), which is present as well (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et
al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002). The data suggest that two later expansions may
have followed: one eastward along the Levantine corridor into the Near East and
the other toward northwestern Africa
The extant North African and Middle Eastern distribution (Underhill et al.
2001b; Cruciani et al. 2002; present study) of these lineages suggests that both
routes are associated with the dissemination of E3b.
However, the E3b3 chromosomes may have spread predominantly toward the east,
whereas E3b2, which is present in relatively high levels in Morocco (33% and 69%
in Moroccan Arabs and Moroccan Berbers, respectively [Cruciani et al. 2002]),
dispersed mainly to the west.
This proposal is in accordance with a population expansion involving E3b2
believed to have occurred in northwestern Africa ∼2 ky ago (Cruciani et
al. 2002).
The considerably older linear expansion estimate of the Egyptian E3b2-M81 (5.4
ky ago) is also compatible with this scenario.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1182266
The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of
Human Migrations
J. R. Luis,1,2,* D. J. Rowold,1,* M. Regueiro,2 B. Caeiro,2 C. Cinnioğlu,3
C. Roseman,3 P. A. Underhill,3 L. L. Cavalli-Sforza,3 and R. J. Herrera1
Aryan
race model | Time phases in peopling | Saharan
genesis | Sampling bias | Melanin & mummies | X-rays
of the mummies | Egypt Civ based on
Upper Sudan | Upper Egypt and Berbers | Skewed
methods | Hiernaux on
African diversity |
Ancient East Africans | Dark skin and Egypt | Europeans
as hybrids| Greeks and blacks | Black
Americans | Quotes
Quotations
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Link to research papers and articles: (http://wysinger.homestead.com/keita.html) |
|
Link to current African DNA research: (http://exploring-africa.blogspot.com/) |
|
Google Search- other data |
