ENGLISH GRAMMAR  for Spanish Speakers


2. Nouns
3. The Articles
4. Quantifying Adjectives
5. Determiners
6. Pronouns
7. Quantifiers and Indefinite pronouns

8. Auxiliary verbs
9. The verb: mood and tense
10. The passive voice
11. Anomalous or special verbs (Modal Auxiliaries)
12. The subjunctive
13. Nonfinites
14. Multi-word verbs (Verbs+particle)

15. Adverbs and adverbials
16. Prepositions
17. Conjunctions
18. The simple sentence
19. The complex sentence
20. Indirect Speech
21. Word-formation

21. WORD-FORMATION

 

1. Introduction

                * The following procedures to form new words

                                ç Affixation (Prefixes and Suffixes

                                ç Compounding

                                ç Conversion of the function of the parts of speech

                                ç Borrowing foreign words (loan words)

                                ç Various: blends, acronyms and back-formation

2. Affixation: Prefixes and Suffixes

Prefixes

   English prefixes are derived mainly from the following sources:

        ç Anglo-Saxon: [a-, be-, un-, out-, over-, under-, with-, mis-, for-, ...]

        ç Latin: [ambi-, ante-, bis-, contra-, demi-, dis-, extra-, in-, post-, pro-, re-, semi-, sub-, super-, trans-, tri-, ultra-, ...]

        ç Greek: [a-, amphi-, arch-, auto-, epi-, hermi-, hyper-, hypo-, meta-, mono-, pan-, para-, ...]

Suffixes

   More suffixes used in English are derived from the following sources:

        ç Anglo-Saxon: [-dom, -hood, -ship, -th, -ness, -some,       -ful, -ish, -ly, -wards, -wise, -er, -ster, -erel, -en, -ing, -ling, -ock,...]

        ç Latin (generally via French): [-or, -ary, -eer, -an, -ant,   -ate, -ee, -ive, -ess, -elle, -et, -ette, -let, -age, -al, -ion, -ment,   -ery, -ty, -ory, -ace, -ic, -ique, -lent, -esque, -ese, -fy, -y...]

        ç Greek: [-ist, -ast, -ite, -ism, -y, -on, -astic, -istic, -ise, (via French)...

Prefix

Meaning

Examples

Noun Formation

Adjective Formation

a-

a

amoral

The agent reponsible for the action

Quality

anti-

anti

anti-freeze

-able à unforgettable

arch-

archi

archduke

-ant à tenant

-al à criminal

auto-

auto

autobiography

-arian à vegetarian

-esque à burlesque

bi-

bi

bilingual

-ee à refugee

-full à wonderful

co-

co

coexist

-eer à pupperteer

-ian à authoritarian

counter-

contra

counter-attack

-er à driver

-ible à contemptible

de-

des

descentralize

-ist à typist

-ic à atomic

dis-

des

disconnect

-or à author

-ish à bookish

en- / em-

poner en

endanger

-ster à mobster

-ive à attractive

ex-

ex

expresident

 

-less à harmless

fore-

pre

foretell

Abstract Qualities

-like à godlike

hyper-

hiper

hypercritical

-ly à deadly

hypo-

hipo

hypodermic

-age à drainage

-ous à generous

in- /il- /im- /ir-

in

innumerable

-al à refusal

-som à bothersome

inter-

inter

interchange

-ation à education

-y à silky

mal-

mal

malnutrition

-dom ­à gangsterdom

 

micro-

micro

microphone

-ery à slavery

Nationality

mini-

mini

mini-skirt

-hood à fatherhood

mis-

mal

miscalculate

-ing à driving

-(i)an à Belgian

mono-

mono

monorail

-ism à communism

-ese à Japanese

multi-

multi

multimillionaire

-ity à falsity

-ish à Spanish

neo-

neo

neo-classic

-ment à amazement

-ite à Israelite

non-

non

non-alignment

-ness à clearsightedness

 

out-

sobre

outlive

-ocracy à democracy

 

over-

sobre

overexcited

-ship à friendship

Verb Formation

pan-

pan

pan-American

 

poly-

poli

polytechnic

The feminine

-ate à orchestrate

post-

post, pos

post-graduate

-en à sweeten

pre-

pre

pre-natal

-ess

-ify à notify

pro-

pro

pro-British

-etter

-ize (ise) à fertilize

proto-

proto

prototype

 

 

pseudo-

pseudo

pseudo-intellectual

The diminutive

 

re-

re

rebuild

Adverb Formation

semi-

semi

semicircle

-ette à kitchenette

sub-

sub

subnormal

-let à booklet

-ly à openly

super-

super

superstructure

-ling à priceling

-ward(s) à forward(s)

sur-

sobre

surplus

-y(ie) à daddy

-wise à liwise

trans-

trans

transatlantic

 

-ways -->

tri-

tri

tridimensional

 

 

ultra-

ultra

ultra-violet

 

 

un-

in, des, no

unbelievable

 

 

under-

menos de

underpay

 

 

uni-

uni

unilateral

 

 

vice-

vice

vice-president

 

 

 

 

3. Compound words

 

Noun Compounds

   * noun + noun à airbrake

   * -ing form + noun à washing-machine

   * adjective + noun à dry-dock

   * verb + noun à knitwear

Adjective Compounds

   * noun + adjective à sky-blue

   * noun + -ing form à self´defeating

   * noun + past participle à sunburnt

   * Adjective + adjective à bitter-sweet

   * adj/adv + noun + -ed à blue-eyed

Verb Compounds

   * Noun + Verb à house-hunt

Reduplicatives

   * Repeating a word à chit-chat

 

4. Conversion of parts of Speech

 

                * Noun à Verb (bottle)

                * Verb à Noun (find)

                * Adj. à Noun (daily)

 

5. Loan words

 

                English has adopted words from a variety of sources:

                                * Italian (piano, freco)

                                * Spanish (sherry, patio, siesta, tobacco)

                                * Dutch (yatch, iceberg)

                                * India (coolie, pyjamas)

                                * French (camouflage, chef, champagne, rouge)

 

6. Clipping

 

                This consists in shortening a word by cutting off one or more of its syllables:

                                a) Los of final syllable(s) à bike, photo

                                b) Los of initial syllable(s) à bus, plane

                                c) Los of the initial and final à flue

 

7. Blends or portmanteau words

 

                To blend two items to form a new one

                                * Eurovision from European Television

 

8. Acronyms

                The initials of organization à SOS, FBI, BBC, NATO

 

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