| ENGLISH GRAMMAR for Spanish Speakers |
1. Introduction
* The following procedures to form new
words
ç
Affixation (Prefixes and Suffixes
ç Compounding
ç Conversion of the function of the parts of speech
ç Borrowing foreign words (loan words)
ç Various: blends, acronyms and back-formation
|
Prefixes English prefixes are derived mainly from the following sources: ç
Anglo-Saxon: [a-, be-, un-, out-, over-, under-, with-, mis-, for-, ...] ç
Latin: [ambi-, ante-, bis-, contra-, demi-, dis-, extra-, in-, post-, pro-, re-, semi-, sub-, super-, trans-, tri-, ultra-, ...] ç
Greek: [a-, amphi-, arch-, auto-, epi-, hermi-, hyper-, hypo-, meta-, mono-, pan-, para-, ...] |
Suffixes More suffixes used in English are derived from the following sources: ç
Anglo-Saxon: [-dom, -hood, -ship, -th, -ness, -some, -ful, -ish, -ly, -wards,
-wise, -er, -ster, -erel, -en, -ing, -ling, -ock,...] ç
Latin (generally via French): [-or, -ary, -eer, -an, -ant, -ate,
-ee, -ive, -ess, -elle, -et, -ette, -let, -age, -al, -ion, -ment, -ery, -ty, -ory, -ace, -ic, -ique, -lent, -esque, -ese, -fy, -y...] ç
Greek: [-ist, -ast, -ite, -ism, -y, -on, -astic, -istic, -ise, (via French)... |
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|
Prefix |
Meaning |
Examples |
Noun Formation |
Adjective Formation |
|
a- |
a |
amoral |
The agent reponsible for the action |
Quality
|
|
anti- |
anti |
anti-freeze |
-able à
unforgettable |
|
|
arch- |
archi |
archduke |
-ant à
tenant |
-al à
criminal |
|
auto- |
auto |
autobiography |
-arian à vegetarian |
-esque à burlesque |
|
bi- |
bi |
bilingual |
-ee à
refugee |
-full à
wonderful |
|
co- |
co |
coexist |
-eer à
pupperteer |
-ian à
authoritarian |
|
counter- |
contra |
counter-attack |
-er à
driver |
-ible à
contemptible |
|
de- |
des |
descentralize |
-ist à
typist |
-ic à
atomic |
|
dis- |
des |
disconnect |
-or à
author |
-ish à
bookish |
|
en- / em- |
poner en |
endanger |
-ster à
mobster |
-ive à
attractive |
|
ex- |
ex |
expresident |
|
-less à
harmless |
|
fore- |
pre |
foretell |
Abstract Qualities
|
-like à
godlike |
|
hyper- |
hiper |
hypercritical |
-ly à
deadly |
|
|
hypo- |
hipo |
hypodermic |
-age à
drainage |
-ous à
generous |
|
in- /il- /im- /ir- |
in |
innumerable |
-al à
refusal |
-som à
bothersome |
|
inter- |
inter |
interchange |
-ation à
education |
-y à
silky |
|
mal- |
mal |
malnutrition |
-dom à
gangsterdom |
|
|
micro- |
micro |
microphone |
-ery à
slavery |
Nationality |
|
mini- |
mini |
mini-skirt |
-hood à
fatherhood |
|
|
mis- |
mal |
miscalculate |
-ing à
driving |
-(i)an à
Belgian |
|
mono- |
mono |
monorail |
-ism à
communism |
-ese à
Japanese |
|
multi- |
multi |
multimillionaire |
-ity à
falsity |
-ish à
Spanish |
|
neo- |
neo |
neo-classic |
-ment à
amazement |
-ite à
Israelite |
|
non- |
non |
non-alignment |
-ness à
clearsightedness |
|
|
out- |
sobre |
outlive |
-ocracy à
democracy |
|
|
over- |
sobre |
overexcited |
-ship à
friendship |
Verb Formation |
|
pan- |
pan |
pan-American |
|
|
|
poly- |
poli |
polytechnic |
The feminine
|
-ate à
orchestrate |
|
post- |
post, pos |
post-graduate |
-en à
sweeten |
|
|
pre- |
pre |
pre-natal |
-ess |
-ify à
notify |
|
pro- |
pro |
pro-British |
-etter |
-ize (ise) à
fertilize |
|
proto- |
proto |
prototype |
|
|
|
pseudo- |
pseudo |
pseudo-intellectual |
The diminutive
|
|
|
re- |
re |
rebuild |
Adverb Formation |
|
|
semi- |
semi |
semicircle |
-ette à
kitchenette |
|
|
sub- |
sub |
subnormal |
-let à
booklet |
-ly à
openly |
|
super- |
super |
superstructure |
-ling à
priceling |
-ward(s) à
forward(s) |
|
sur- |
sobre |
surplus |
-y(ie) à daddy |
-wise à
liwise |
|
trans- |
trans |
transatlantic |
|
-ways --> |
|
tri- |
tri |
tridimensional |
|
|
|
ultra- |
ultra |
ultra-violet |
|
|
|
un- |
in, des, no |
unbelievable |
|
|
|
under- |
menos de |
underpay |
|
|
|
uni- |
uni |
unilateral |
|
|
|
vice- |
vice |
vice-president |
|
|
3. Compound words
|
Noun Compounds * noun + noun à
airbrake * -ing form + noun à
washing-machine * adjective + noun à
dry-dock * verb + noun à
knitwear |
Adjective Compounds * noun + adjective à
sky-blue * noun + -ing form à
self´defeating * noun + past participle à
sunburnt * Adjective + adjective à
bitter-sweet * adj/adv + noun + -ed à
blue-eyed |
|
Verb Compounds * Noun + Verb à
house-hunt |
Reduplicatives * Repeating a word à
chit-chat |
4. Conversion of parts of Speech
* Noun à
Verb (bottle)
* Verb à
Noun (find)
*
Adj. à
Noun (daily)
5. Loan words
English has adopted words from a variety
of sources:
* Italian (piano, freco)
*
Spanish (sherry, patio, siesta, tobacco)
* Dutch (yatch, iceberg)
* India (coolie, pyjamas)
*
French (camouflage, chef, champagne, rouge)
6. Clipping
This consists in shortening a word by
cutting off one or more of its syllables:
a) Los of final syllable(s) à
bike, photo
b) Los of initial syllable(s) à bus, plane
c) Los of the initial and final à flue
7. Blends or portmanteau words
To blend two items to form a new one
* Eurovision from European Television
8. Acronyms
The initials of organization à
SOS, FBI, BBC, NATO