| ENGLISH GRAMMAR for Spanish Speakers |
1. Introduction
|
Proper: be, have, do |
Modal / Anomalous |
2. The use of Auxiliary Verbs
1. To form the interrogative and the
negative
ê Simple Present: do
ê Simple Past: did
ê Progressive: to be
ê Future: shall / will
2. To form certain tenses
3. In short answers and tag questions
4. To replace another verb
5. For emphasis
3. Characteristics of the conjugation of auxiliary verbs
1. They form the negative by simple
adding not to the affirmative form
2. They form the interrogative by
inverting the order of the subject and the verb
3. They admit contracted forms
4. Uses of the verb "to be"
1. As an auxiliary
ê to form progressive tenses
ê to form the passive voice
ê in short answer, tag questions, to omit the main verb and for emphasis
2. As a copula or linking verb between
the subject and the predicate with the meaning of ser, estar.
3. With the adverb there
to mean haber.
4. To be to can have the following values:
ê A future arrangement or plan, or the intention of doing something (it is omitted from newspaper headlines)
ê To express an indirect order or prohibition: haber de, tener que
ê To express an unlikely hypothesis: in conditional clauses
ê Possibility / impossibility
ê The idea of destiny or fate: generally in the past
5. As a main ver: existir
(rare)
6. In idioms
ê Physical or mental conditions
ê Age
ê Time
5. Conjugation of to be . The Present
* It has three different forms: am,
are, is
|
Affirmative I was |
Negative I was not |
Interrogative Am I? |
Negative-Interrogative Am I not? |
6. Past of to be
* It has two forms: was,
were
|
Affirmative I was |
Negative I was not |
Interrogative Was I? |
Negative-Interrogative Was I not? |
7. Contracted forms
* These contracted forms are normally
always used in conversation, but their use is not considered appropriate in the written language
8. Contracted forms of to be. The Present
|
Affirmative I´m |
Negative I'm not |
Negative-Interrogative Aren't I? |
9. Contracted forms of to be: The Past
|
Negative I wasn't |
Negative-Interrogative Wasn't I ? |
10. Uses of the verb to have
1. As an auxiliary
ê to form the perfective tenses
ê in short answer and tag questions, in cases of omission of the main verb and in emphatic forms
2. Possession: as main verb = tener
ê as an auxiliary
ê reinforcing it with the got, which is not translated
ê as a main verb
3. Translating tomar
(with food). Always as main verb
4. Periphrasis tener
que. As a main verb
5. Causative use: subject
+ to have + complement + past participle
ê It translate the idea of causing or ordering something to be done
ê It implies the idea of suffering or enduring something
Note: Sometimes the verb to get is used in this causative way
11. Conjugation of to have as an auxiliary. The Present
|
Affirmative I have |
Negative I have not |
Interrogative Have I? |
Negative-Interrogative Have I not? |
12. Past of to have
|
Affirmative I had |
Negative I had not |
Interrogative Had I? |
Negative-Interrogative Had I not? |
13. Uses of the verb to do: The verb to do as an auxiliary
1. To form the interrogative
2. To form the negative
3. To form the negative and the
interrogative of the past
4. In short answers
5. In tag questions
6. To replace another verb (to avoid
repetition)
7. For emphasis
14. The verb to do as a main verb
* It means hacer
15. The difference between to do and to make
* To make means hacer in the sense of fabricar, elaborar.
* To do means hacer in the broader sense of realizar, llevar a cabo.
16. Shall and will as auxiliaries
1. To form the future of verbs
2. In short answers, tag questions,
omission of the main verb and for emphasis.
17. Should and would as auxiliaries
1. To form the conditional of verbs
2. In short answer, tag questions,
omission of the main verb and for emphasis.
18. Contracted forms of shall, will, should and would
* shall / will à
I'll ...
* should / would à
I'd ...
19. The verb to get : an all-purpose verb
A. Functioning as an auxiliary
1. To indicate the result of an action or the accidental nature of the action [+ Past Participle]
2. To indicate that something has been ordered to be done or undertaken for our benefit [most commonly expressed by to have] Subject + to get + a
noun/pronoun + the past participle.
3. To indicate the transition from one state to another
4. To reinforce the verb to have in order to indicate possession
B. As a main verb
1. Conseguir, obtener, lograr à
Did you get the money?
2. Comprar, sacar (entradas) à
I got this ring at the shop round the corner
3. Comprender, captar algo à
Did you get what I said?
4. Recibir à
Did you get my letter?
5. Llegar, alcanzar un lugar à
When we get the hotel, we'll have a shower
6. Coger, alcanzar algo à
Please, get the key from the drawer
7. Dar algo, traer algo à
Get me another drink, please
8. Idioms and phrasal verbs à
to get up