| ENGLISH GRAMMAR for Spanish Speakers |
1. Introduction
They can fulfil either of the functions: adjective (quantifiers)
and pronoun
2. Distributives
|
each |
cada, cada uno |
another |
otro/a |
|
every |
cada, todos/as (only adj.) |
other |
otro/a/s |
|
either |
cualquiera [of two]; uno y otro |
each other |
el uno al otro [generally between two] |
|
neither |
ninguno [of two] |
one another |
el uno al otro [generally among more than two] |
3. Quantifiers
|
all |
|
too many |
|
a little |
|
|
whole |
|
so many |
|
less |
|
|
several |
|
a lot of |
|
the least |
|
|
much |
|
lots of |
|
a few |
|
|
more |
|
plenty of |
|
few |
|
|
most |
|
a great deal of |
|
fewer |
|
|
how much |
|
some |
|
the fewest |
|
|
too much |
|
any |
|
enough |
|
|
so much |
|
do (adj.) |
|
both |
|
|
many |
|
none (pro.) |
|
one |
|
|
how many |
|
little |
|
|
|
4. Indefinite Pronouns which are compound of "some, any, every"
Only as pronouns
|
something |
|
somebody, someone |
|
|
anything |
|
anybody, anyone |
|
|
nothing |
|
nobody, no one |
|
|
everything |
|
everybody, everyone |
|
5. Some notes of Quantifiers
|
1. Only with uncountable or mass nouns |
2. Only with countable nouns |
3. With both countable and uncountable nouns |
|
ê
much ê
how much ê
too much ê
so much ê
little ê
a little ê
less ê
the least ê
too little ê
so little |
ê
many ê
how many ê
too many ê
so many ê
few ê
fewer ê
the fewest ê
a few ê
too few ê
so few ê
several ê
both |
ê
enough ê
all ê
some ê
any ê
no (adj.) ê
more ê
the most ê
a lot of ê
lots of ê
plenty of ê
a great deal of |
6. Enough
|
Place |
after the ê adjective ê
adverb ê
particle |
He's rich enough Was that slowly enough? The meat is not cooked enough |
|
in front of ê
the noun |
There is enough food for everybody |
7. Structures with "both" and "all"
*
They can be either adjectives or pronouns
a) as adjectives
1. Place ê
in front of the nouns à
both men
ê before any other determiner or article à both the men
2. of ê it's not obligatory in front of the adjective or article à
both the men
ê
it's obligatory in front of pronouns them and us à both of us
b) as pronouns
1. Subject à
Both were late
2. Direct Object à
I'll take both / The winner takes all
3. Apposition à
The both liked it
Order ê with an ordinary verb: between the subject and the verb à
They both / all liked her
ê with an auxiliary verb: after the auxiliary à
They are both / all here
8. A practical summary of the basic uses of "same" and "any"
|
Some |
affirmative sentences |
There are some books on the shelf |
|
interrogative sentences (requests, invitations, assumptions...) |
May I have some tea? |
|
|
Any |
negative sentences |
The isn't any coffee |
|
interrogative sentences (general questions) |
Are there any cigarettes? |
|
|
affirmative sentences (with the meaning of cualquier |
Any boy can do that? |
9. "Some/Any" and Countable nouns and Uncountable nouns
|
Affirmative sentences |
ê
some + uncountable nouns in singular ê
some + countable nouns in plural |
There's some sugar in the bow There are some books on the shelf |
|
Interrogative sentences |
1. questions of a general kinds ê
any + uncountable nouns in singular ê
any + countable nouns in plural 2. Invitations or Requests ê
some + uncountable nouns in singular ê
some + countable nouns in plural |
Is there any wine...? Are there any glasses...? May I have some coke May I have some more forks? |
|
Negative sentences |
any + uncountable nouns in singular any + countable nouns in plural |
There isn't any beer There aren't any knives |
10. Other values of "some"
1. A purely indefinite value à
She's sure to find some (algún) man to marry her.
2. Restriction or contrast à
Some (algunas) chairs were big (some of the ...)
3.
Approximation à
There were some twenty men in the room (unos)
4. Exclamations of irony or admiration à
'Some protection!' he said sarcastically (Vaya protección)
5. As an adverb, with the meaning of 'un
poco' à Was
she drinking hard? Some, I believe.
11. Pronunciation of "some"
* As pronoun: strong or stressed /svm/
* As adjective: weak or unstressed /s¥m/
12. Other value of "any": Purely Indefinite
* A purely indefinite value à
Any boy can do that (cualquier)
* As an adverb of quantity in certain
idiomatic expressions à It isn't any good = It's no good
13. The pronunciation of "any"
* Always /eni/
14. Compounds of "some, any, no"
* What we have just said about the use
of some and no is also valid for their compounds.
15. Notes on the distributives
1.
The distributives and the number of the verb form
* Either, neither, each, every always qualify singular noun, therefore, the verb is also in the singular
* Other can qualify a singular or plural noun
2.
A summary of the meanings of either
* Cualquiera (of two) à
Either dress will do
* Uno u otro, cada à He walked with a girl on either side
* The first term in the correlation either .. or à
Either black or white
* Tampoco, with the verb in the negative à
I don't like it either
3.
A summary of the meaning of neither
* Ninguno (of two) à Which one do you want? Neither
* In correlation with nor à Neither white nor black
* Tampoco, with the verb in the affirmative and causing an inversion of the subject and the auxiliary verb à
I don't like it. Neither do I.
4.
The difference between each and every
* Each: emphasises the individual separateness à
Each boy got a present
* Every: stresses the collective element à
Every boy was given a present
5.
The difference between all and every
* All: emphasises as whole à
All the boys
* Every: distributive aspect à
Every boy (todos y cada uno)
16. Other
|
As an adjective |
As a pronoun |
|
another other the other |
another others the other the others |
The difference between:
* each other
* one another
ê el uno al otro
ê
but some grammarians refer
ê
each other to two
ê
one another more than two
ê
nevertheless this is not always observed in spoken language