| ENGLISH GRAMMAR for Spanish Speakers |
1. Function of Conjunctions
* A conjunction is used to join clauses, phrases or words
* Conjunctions, Adverbs and Prepositions
Adverb: modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb à
I haven’t seen her since
Preposition: links two words, explaining the relationship that exists between them à
I haven’t seen her since Monday
Conjunction: connects two clauses, phrases or words in a coordinating or subordinating relation to each other à
I haven’t seen her since she went to London.
2. Forms of the Conjunctions
* Simple, formed by a single word
* Comples, formed by two or more words
* Correlative¸ a combination of two terms (either ... or)
* Other words which can act as conjunctions: Adverbs, Relative Pronouns, Prepositional Phrases
3. Classification of Conjuctions
* Coordinating: they coordinate two words, phrases or clauses
* Subordinating: they subordinate one clause to another
4. Coordinating Conjunctions
* Definition: they link two words phrases or clauses having the same syntactic value
* Clases
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Copulative Coordinator |
Disjunctive Coordinators |
Contrastive Coordinators |
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They simply add one clause word or phrase to another, acting as a link or copula between each. * and = y * neither = ni * nor = ni * both...and = no solo...sino también; tanto como * not (only)...but (also) = son solo... sino también * neither... nor = ni... ni * as well as = además de, así como también |
They link two words, phrases or clauses, and indicate a choice between the two terms * or = o * either... or = o... o |
They join two words, pharases or clauses, and indicate an opposition between the two terms * but = pero * however = sin embargo * though = sin embargo * (and) yet = (y) sin embargo * still = sin embargo |
5. Subordinating Conjunctions
* Definition: they connect two clauses, placing the subordinate clause that they introduce in a dependent relationship on the main clause
* Classes
1. Nominal subordinators: they introduce a subordinate noun clause
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that = que |
whether = si |
who |
which |
what |
when |
where |
2. Adverbial subordinators: they introduce subordinate adverbial clauses
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Place where = dónde wherever = dondequiera que |
Time after = después que as = cuando (simultaneity) before = antes que once = una vez que since = desde que till / untill = hasta que when = cuando whenever = siempre que while = mientras que whilst = mientras (esp. BrE) now that = ahaora que as/so long as = mientras que as soon as = tan pronto como no sooner ... than = apenas ... cuando hardly ... when = apenas ... cuando directly = en cuanto que (esp. BrE) immediately = en cuanto que (esp. BrE) |
Comparison as ... as = tan ... como not as/so ... as = no tan ... como such ... as = tales ... que more ... than = más ... que so ... that = tan ... que less ... than = menos ... que |
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Manner as = como, lo mismo que as of = como si as though = como si like = como si (AmE) |
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Result so = por tanto, así pues, por lo que so that = de manera que, por lo que so ... (that) =tan ... que so much / many ... (that) tanto(s) ... que such ... (that) = tan ... que |
Purpose in order to = para, con objeto de so as to = para, con objeto de so that = para que in order that = para que so = para que that (archaic) = para que in case = por si for fear that / of = por miedo a que lest (archaic) = no sea por, para que no |
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Conditional if = si unless = a menos que, a no ser que provided (that) = con tal que providing (that) = con tal que as/so long as = siempre que on condition (that) = a condición que in case = por si assuming (that) = suponiendo que supposing (that) = suponiendo que |
Concessive although = aunque though = aunque, sin embargo whereas = mientras que even if = aunque even though = aunque much as = a pesar de que however (+adj./adv.) = por whaterver = cualquiera que sea no matter how / how much = no importa if = aunque while = mientras que / aunque whilst = mientras que / aunque (BrE) |
Reason because = porque as = puesto que, porque since = ya que lest (archaic) = no sea que, por temor a for fear that / of = por miedo a que in case = en caso de que, por si for = porque, puesto que seeing (that) = como, en vista de que now (that) = ahora que considering (that) = considereando que inasmuch as = puesto que,en la medida q |