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"Incessantly I live over in my memory your caresses, your tears,
your affectionate solitude. The charms of the incomparable Josephine
kindle continually a burning and glowing flame in my heart."
--Napoleon Bonaparte
I
Life after the Revolution was difficult for Marie-Josephe-Rose Tascher and her two children.
To survive, she became the mistress of men who
were in a position to help support her. It was
during this time that she met Napoleon. Napoleon was
a Major-General in the French Army — a man with
lofty ambition. To achieve his goals, though, he
needed a rich wife. Josephine in turn saw him as a possible
patron, and cultivated his friendship. They became lovers
in 1795.
"I awake full of you. Your image and the
memory of last night’s intoxicating pleasures
has left no rest to my senses."
--Napoleon Bonaparte I, Letter to Josephine, December 1795
He proposed
in January 1796, and they wed on March 9, 1796,
just prior to his taking command of the army in Italy.
She was hesistant at first to marry him, because he
was "silent and awkward with women, was passionate
and lively, though altogether strange in all his person."
Napoleon had
great dreams for their future, and his wedding present
to Rose — whom he had renamed Josephine —
was a gold medallion inscribed with the words "To
Destiny."
Days after Napoleon and Josephine were married, Napoleon
left to command the French army near Italy. Throughout
the following months, he begged her to join him in
Milan for their honeymoon:
April
1796:
I
have your letters of the 16th and 21st.
There are many days when you don’t write. What
do you do, then? No, my darling, I am not jealous,
but sometimes worried. Come soon; I warn you,
if you delay, you will find
me ill. Fatigue and your absence are too much.
Your
letters are the joy of my days, and my days of happiness
are not many. Junot is bringing twenty-two flags to
Paris.
"What is
extraordinary is that in this passion we have
Napoleon's letters to Josephine that she kept,
but we don't have her letters to Napoleon. So either
he didn't keep them and that would make his passion
a little more lukewarm in a way or maybe Josephine
didn't write to him or would write just very
neutral letters. The latter version is the one
I would adopt."
--Jean Tulard,
PBS' Napoleon
Verona,
July 17, 1796
I
write you, me beloved one, very often, and you write
very little. You are wicked and naughty, very naughty,
as much as you are fickle. It is unfaithful so
to deceive a poor husband, a tender lover! Ought he to
lose all his enjoyments because he is so far away,
borne down with toil, fatigue, and hardship? Without
his Josephine, without the assurance of her love,
what is left him upon earth? What can he do?
We
had yesterday a very bloody affair; the enemy has
lost many men, and has been completely beaten. We
have taken the whole country around Mantua.
Adieu,
adorable Josephine; one of these nights your door
will open with a great noise; as a jealous person,
and you will find me on your arms.
A
thousand loving kisses.
BONAPARTE
During
the First Italian Campaign Napoleon began to hear
the rumors that Josephine was being unfaithful
to him in his absence. He denied these rumors,
even to himself, and his letters became even
more passionate in response. Six
days later he returned to her apartment in Milan, only
to find it empty. Josephine had left for Genoa
— most probably with army officer Hippolyte Charles,
with whom she was suspected of having an affair.
He waited nine days for her return, but the wait
began to arouse his suspicions.
November 1796:
I
don’t love you anymore; on the contrary, I detest
you. You are a vile, mean, beastly slut. You don’t
write to me at all; you don’t love your husband;
you know how happy your letters make him, and
you don’t write him six lines of nonsense…
Soon,
I hope, I will be holding you in my arms; then I
will cover you with a million hot kisses, burning
like the equator.
In mid-March
1798 Joseph's brother finally tells Napoleon outright
of the rumors surrounding Josephine. Yet when he
confronts her she denies everything, angrily suggesting
that if he believes such lies he should divorce her.
Privately she fumes against the Bonaparte family, who
she believes are in league against her:
Yes,
my Hippolyte, they all have my hatred. You alone have
my tenderness, my love. They must see how I abhor
them from the frightful state I’ve been in…
They see my regrets, my hopelessness at being
deprived of seeing you as often as I desire to.
Hippolyte, I’ll kill myself. Yes! I want to
end a life which from now on can only be burdensome
to me if it cannot be consecrated to you.
Following
this "day of the catastrophe," as she referred
to it, Josephine must have contemplated what life
would be like if Napoleon did divorce her. Her
behavior from this point forward was much more
amiable and loving towards Napoleon, and she appeared
more willing to accompany him on his campaigns
despite an overwhelming fear of carriage travel.
Just the opposite could be said of Napoleon,
however. Following this confrontation he realized
Josephine could no longer be trusted, and his love
began to turn to resentment.
He took a mistress in retaliation: Pauline
Bellisle Foures, wife of a junior officer. She
became known among his troops as "Napoleon's Cleopatra."
Napoleon
finally returned to France in October 1799, after
a year away. Josephine tried to intercept him on
his return journey, but they missed each other
in travel and when he arrived at her house she
was not there. He ordered servants to take her
possessions away. When she finally arrived she
was at first refused entry, but she pushed past
the servants and ran to Napoleon’s room, where
she collapsed outside his locked door, weeping. The
accusations, pleas and shouting lasted for hours, but
by dawn they were in each other’s arms again. Josephine
would never take another lover, but from that point
on Napoleon felt free to do as he pleased with
other women.
In February 1800 Napoleon
became First Consul, and the couple moved into the
Tuileries Palace. They were
crowned Emperor and Empress in 1804, and lived
peacefully for two years.
In 1806 Josephine
accompanied Napoleon on the Prussian Campaign,
but a dark cloud was looming on the horizon: left
behind in France was his latest mistress, Eleonore
Denuelle, who was pregnant with his child. Until this
time Napoleon had thought Josephine’s barrenness
during their marriage might be his fault, but the birth
of his son to Eleonore Denuelle changed everything.
While he still loved Josephine, he began to think
very seriously again about the possibility of
divorce.
"Their greatest
quarrels were jealousy, because Josephine was
extremely jealous. She knew that she couldn’t
have any children and I think she learned that
very early and she tried to make Napoleon believe
that he couldn’t have any. She said, "I’ve
already had two, you haven’t had any," so
she tried to make him believe that, but she knew there
was a threat hanging over her head because if she
were to be divorced, then she would have lost everything
she’d attained. And Napoleon had flirts as it
were with women around him, but she was so jealous
that sometimes she would spy on the emperor and
go up back staircases and listen at the doors."
--Bernard Chevallier, PBS' Napoleon
The final
die was cast when Josephine’s grandson Napoleon,
who had been declared Napoleon’s heir, died of
croup in 1807. Napoleon began to create lists of eligible
princesses. At dinner on November 30, 1809, he let Josephine
know that — in the interest of France — he
must find a wife who could produce an heir. From the
next room, Napoleon’s secretary heard the screams.
"No, I can never survive it!" Josephine cried, and collapsed.
The following day servants took her possessions to Malmaison,
which was to remain her home. She continued to
make public appearances as Empress, but the impending
divorce was common knowledge. The divorce ceremony
was a grand but solemn social occasion, and each
read a statement of devotion to the other.
Napoleon then turned his eyes to Archduchess Marie
Louise of Austria, daughter of his old enemy, Emperor
Francis I of Austria. A marriage would align France
with one of the oldest ruling families in Europe,
and further legitimize Napoleon’s leadership of
France. In a bold move Napoleon sent an emissary
to the Austrian Embassy to demand Marie Louise’s
hand, and further demanding that the contract be signed
immediately, without consultation with the Austrian
court. The Ambassador was forced to accept, and the
emissary reported that Napoleon "was filled with
mad, impetuous joy" upon hearing the news. Marie
Louise, only nineteen
years old, was terrified. She wrote in her diary
"[Just] to see the man would be the worst form
of torture." France had not been kind to her great-aunt
Marie Antoinette, and Napoleon was far older, and
an enemy of Austria. Nevertheless she bowed to
the will of her father, and prepared for marriage.
They
were married by proxy in a civil ceremony on March 11,
1810, and Marie Louise began her journey to France.
Napoleon met her at Compeigne, and immediately
rushed her into bed — even before the religious
ceremony. Later, Napoleon claimed that his new
empress had just one thing to say: "Do it again."
Despite their inauspicious engagement and rushed
marriage, the couple seemed happy. After their
wedding she wrote her father: "He loves me very
much. I respond to his love sincerely. There is
something very fetching and very eager about him
that is impossible to resist."
"The
Emperor is much taken with his wife," Austrian
ambassador Clemens Fürst Von Metternich noted.
"He is so evidently in love with her that all his
habits are subordinated to her wishes."
In March 1811 Marie Louise delivered a long-awaited
heir, to whom Napoleon gave the title "King of
Rome." Two years later Napoleon arranged for Josephine
to meet the young prince "who had cost her so many
tears."
In
1814 the Allies invaded France, and Napoleon left for
war on January 25. Defeated in the Spring, Napoleon
abdicated his throne and was forced into exile
on the island of Elba. He would never see his wife
or son again.
Josephine died on May 29, in
the arms of her son Eugene. Napoleon learned of her
death via a French journal while in exile on Elba, and
stayed locked in his room for two days, refusing to
see anyone. Throughout her
life Josephine had surrounded herself with the sight
and scent of violets. Two days after his return from
exile on Elba Napoleon visited Malmaison and collected
violets from Josephine’s garden. He would wear
them in a locket until his death, a reminder of their
tumultuous love.
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