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Open Letter from World Scientists to All Governments Concerning Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Submitted to State of the World Forum, September 4-10, 2000

The scientists are extremely concerned about the hazards of GMOs to biodiversity, food safety, human and animal health, and demand a moratorium on environmental releases in accordance with the precautionary principle.

Previous versions of this letter were submitted to:

Signed by 354 scientists from 42 countries , including:

Dr. David Bellamy, Biologist and Broadcaster, London, UK
Prof. Liebe Cavalieri, Mathematical Ecologist, Univ. Minnesota, USA
Dr. Thomas S. Cox, Geneticist, US Dept. of Agriculture (retired), India
Dr. Tewolde Egziabher, Spokesperson for African Region, Ethiopia
Dr. David Ehrenfeld, Biologist/Ecologist, Rutgers University, USA
Dr. Samuel Epstein, School of Public Health, Univ. Illinois, USA
Dr. Brian Hursey, ex FAO Senior Officer for Vector Borne Diseases, UK
Prof. Ruth Hubbard, Geneticist, Harvard University, USA
Prof. Jonathan King, Molecular Biologist, MIT, Cambridge, USA
Prof. Gilles-Eric Seralini, Laboratoire de Biochimie & Moleculaire, Univ. Caen, France
Dr. David Suzuki, Geneticist, David Suzuki Foundation, Univ. British Columbia, Canada
Dr. Vandana Shiva, Theoretical Physicist and Ecologist, India
Dr. George Woodwell, Director, Woods Hole Research Center, USA
Prof. Oscar B. Zamora, Agronomist, U. Philippines, Los Banos, Philippines

add your name to the list!

1.9.2000

Open Letter from World Scientists to State of the World Forum 2000

Summary

We, the undersigned scientists, call for the immediate suspension of all environmental releases of GM crops and products, both commercially and in open field trials, for at least 5 years; for patents on living processes, organisms, seeds, cell lines and genes to be revoked and banned; and for a comprehensive public enquiry into the future of agriculture and food security for all.

Patents on life-forms and living processes should be banned because they threaten food security, sanction biopiracy of indigenous knowledge and genetic resources, violate basic human rights and dignity, compromise healthcare, impede medical and scientific research and are against the welfare of animals.

GM crops offer no benefits to farmers or consumers. Instead, many problems have been identified, including yield drag, increased herbicide use, erratic performance, and poor economic returns to farmers. GM crops also intensify corporate monopoly on food, which is driving family farmers to destitution, and preventing the essential shift to sustainable agriculture that can guarantee food security and health around the world

The hazards of GMOs to biodiversity and human and animal health are now acknowledged by sources within the UK and US Governments. Particularly serious consequences are associated with the potential for horizontal gene transfer. These include the spread of antibiotic resistance marker genes that would render infectious diseases untreatable, the generation of new viruses and bacteria that cause diseases, and harmful mutations which may lead to cancer.

In the Cartegena Biosafety Protocol negotiated in Montreal in January 2000, more than 130 governments have pledged to implement the precautionary principle and to ensure that biosafety legislations at the national and international levels take precedence over trade and financial agreements at the World Trade Organization.

Successive studies have documented the productivity and the social and environmental benefits of sustainable, low-input and organic farming in both North and South. They offer the only practical way of restoring agricultural land degraded by conventional agronomic practices, and empower small family farmers to combat poverty and hunger.

We urge the US Congress to reject GM crops as both hazardous and contrary to the interest of family farmers; and to support research and development of sustainable agricultural methods that can truly benefit family farmers all over the world.

We, the undersigned scientists, call for the immediate suspension of all environmental releases of GM crops and products, both commercially and in open field trials, for at least 5 years; for patents on living processes, organisms, seeds, cell lines and genes to be revoked and banned; and for a comprehensive public enquiry into the future of agriculture and food security for all.

1 Patents on life-forms and living processes should be banned because they threaten food security, sanction biopiracy of indigenous knowledge and genetic resources, violate basic human rights and dignity, compromise healthcare, impede medical and scientific research and are against the welfare of animals(1). Life-forms such as organisms, seeds, cell lines and genes are discoveries and hence not patentable. Current GM techniques which exploit living processes are unreliable, uncontrollable and unpredictable, and do not qualify as inventions. Furthermore, those techniques are inherently unsafe, as are many GM organisms and products.

2. It is becoming increasingly clear that current GM crops are neither needed nor beneficial. They are a dangerous diversion preventing the essential shift to sustainable agricultural practices that can provide food security and health around the world.

3. Two simple characteristics account for the nearly 40 million hectares of GM crops planted in 1999(2). The majority (71%) are tolerant to broad-spectrum herbicides, with companies engineering plants to be tolerant to their own brand of herbicide, while most of the rest are engineered with bt-toxins to kill insect pests. A university-based survey of 8200 field trials of the most widely grown GM crops, herbicide-tolerant soya beans - revealed that they yield 6.7% less and required two to five times more herbicides than non-GM varieties(3). This has been confirmed by a more recent study in the University of Nebraska(4). Yet other problems have been identified: erratic performance, disease susceptibility(5), fruit abortion(6) and poor economic returns to farmers(7).

4. According to the UN food programme, there is enough food to feed the world one and a half times over. While world population has grown 90% in the past 40 years, the amount of food per capita has increased by 25%, yet one billion are hungry(8). A new FAO report confirms that there will be enough or more than enough food to meet global demands without taking into account any yield improvementsthat might result from GM crops well into 2030 (9). It is on account of increasing corporate monopoly operating under the globalised economy that the poor are getting poorer and hungrier(10). Family farmers around the world have been driven to destitution and suicide, and for the same reasons. Between 1993 and 1997 the number of mid-sized farms in the US dropped by 74,440(11), and farmers are now receiving below the average cost of production for their produce(12). The farming population in France and Germany fell by 50% since 1978(13). In the UK, 20 000 farming jobs were lost in the past year alone, and the Prime Minister has announced a £200m aid package(14). Four corporations control 85% of the world trade in cereals at the end of 1999(15). Mergers and acquisitions are continuing.

5. The new patents on seeds intensify corporate monopoly by preventing farmers from saving and replanting seeds, which is what most farmers still do in the Third World. In order to protect their patents, corporations are continuing to develop terminator technologies that genetic engineer harvested seeds not to germinate, despite worldwide opposition from farmers and civil society at large(16).

6. Christian Aid, a major charity working with the Third World, concluded that GM crops will cause unemployment, exacerbate Third World debt, threaten sustainable farming systems and damage the environment. It predicts famine for the poorest countries(17). African Governments condemned Monsanto's claim that GMOs are needed to feed the hungry of the world: "We..strongly object that the image of the poor and hungry from our countries is being used by giant multinational corporations to push a technology that is neither safe, environmentally friendly, nor economically beneficial to us… we believe it will destroy the diversity, the local knowledge and the sustainable agricultural systems that our farmers have developed for millennia and …undermine our capacity to feed ourselves.(18)" A message from the Peasant movement of the Philippines to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) of the industrialized countries stated, "The entry of GMOs will certainly intensify landlessness, hunger and injustice.(19)"

7. A coalition of family farming groups in the US have issued a comprehensive list of demands, including ban on ownership of all life-forms; suspension of sales, environmental releases and further approvals of all GM crops and products pending an independent, comprehensive assessment of the social, environmental, health and economic impacts; and for corporations to be made liable for all damages arising from GM crops and products to livestock, human beings and the environment(20). They also demand a moratorium on all corporate mergers and acquisitions, on farm closures, and an end to policies that serve big agribusiness interests at the expense of family farmers, taxpayers and the environment(21). They have mounted a lawsuit against Monsanto and nine other corporations for monopolistic practices and for foisting GM crops on farmers without adequate safety and environmental impact assessments(22).

8. Some of the hazards of GM crops are openly acknowledged by the UK and US Governments. UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) has admitted that the transfer of GM crops and pollen beyond the planted fields is unavoidable(23), and this has already resulted in herbicide-tolerant weeds(24). An interim report on UK Government-sponsored field trials confirmed hybridisation between adjacent plots of different herbicide tolerant GM oilseed rape varieties, which gave rise to hybrids tolerant to multiple herbicides. In addition, GM oilseed rape and their hybrids were found as volunteers in subsequent wheat and barley crops, which had to be controlled by standard herbicides(25). Bt-resistant insect pests have evolved in response to the continuous presence of the toxins in GM plants throughout the growing season, and the US Environment Protection Agency is recommending farmers to plant up to 40% non-GM crops in order to create refugia for non-resistant insect pests(26).

9. The threats to biodiversity from major GM crops already commercialized are becoming increasingly clear. The broad-spectrum herbicides used with herbicide-tolerant GM crops decimate wild plant species indiscriminately, they are also toxic to animals. Glufosinate causes birth defects in mammals(27), and glyphosate is linked to non-Hodgkin lymphoma(28). GM crops with bt-toxins kill beneficial insects such as bees(29) and lacewings(30), and pollen from bt-corn is found to be lethal to monarch butterflies(31) as well as swallowtails(32). Bt-toxin is exuded from roots of bt-plants in the rhizosphere, where it rapidly binds to soil particles and become protected from degradation. As the toxin is present in an activated, non-selective form, both target and non-target species in the soil will be affected(33), with knock on effects on species above ground.

10. Products resulting from genetically modified organisms can also be hazardous. For example, a batch of tryptophan produced by GM microorganisms was associated with at least 37 deaths and 1500 serious illnesses(34). Genetically modified Bovine Growth Hormone, injected into cows in order to increase milk yield, not only causes excessive suffering and illnesses for the cows but increases IGF-1 in the milk, which is linked to breast and prostate cancers in humans(35). It is vital for the public to be protected from all GM products, and not only those containing transgenic DNA or protein. That is because the process of genetic modification itself, at least in the form currently practised, is inherently unsafe.

11. Secret memoranda of US Food and Drug Administration revealed that it ignored the warnings of its own scientists that genetic engineering is a new departure and introduces new risks. Furthermore, the first GM crop to be commercialized - the Flavr Savr tomato - did not pass the required toxicological tests(36). Since then, no comprehensive scientific safety testing had been done until Dr. Arpad Pusztai and his collaborators in the UK raised serious concerns over the safety of the GM potatoes they were testing. They conclude that a significant part of the toxic effect may be due to the "[gene] construct or the genetic transformation (or both)" used in making the GM plants(37).

12. The safety of GM foods was openly disputed by Professor Bevan Moseley, molecular geneticist and current Chair of the Working Group on Novel Foods in the European Union's Scientific Committee on Food(38). He drew attention to unforseen effects inherent to the technology, emphasizing that the next generation of GM foods - the so-called 'neutraceuticals' or 'functional foods', such as vitamin A 'enriched' rice - will pose even greater health risks because of the increased complexity of the gene constructs.

13. Genetic engineering introduces new genes and new combinations of genetic material constructed in the laboratory into crops, livestock and microorganisms(39). The artificial constructs are derived from the genetic material of pathogenic viruses and other genetic parasites, as well as bacteria and other organisms, and include genes coding for antibiotic resistance. The constructs are designed to break down species barriers and to overcome mechanisms that prevent foreign genetic material from inserting into genomes. Most of them have never existed in nature in the course of billions of years of evolution.

14. These constructs are introduced into cells by invasive methods that lead to random insertion of the foreign genes into the genomes (the totality of all the genetic material of a cell or organism). This gives rise to unpredictable, random effects, including gross abnormalities in animals and unexpected toxins and allergens in food crops.

15. One construct common to practically all GM crops already commercialized or undergoing field trials involves a gene-switch (promoter) from the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) spliced next to the foreign gene (transgene) to make it over-express continuously(40). This CaMV promoter is active in all plants, in yeast, algae and E. coli. We recently discovered that it is even active in amphibian egg(41) and human cell extract(42). It has a modular structure, and is interchangeable, in part, or in whole with promoters of other viruses to give infectious viruses. It also has a 'recombination hotspot' where it is prone to break and join up with other genetic material(43).

16. For these and other reasons, transgenic DNA - the totality of artificial constructs transferred into the GMO - may be more unstable and prone to transfer again to unrelated species; potentially to all species interacting with the GMO(44).

17. The instability of transgenic DNA in GM plants is well-known(45). GM genes are often silenced, but loss of part or all of the transgenic DNA also occurs, even during later generations of propagation(46). We are aware of no published evidence for the long term stability of GM inserts in terms of structure or location in the plant genome in any of the GM lines already commercialized or undergoing field trials.

18. The potential hazards of horizontal transfer of GM genes include the spread of antibiotic resistance genes to pathogens, the generation of new viruses and bacteria that cause disease and mutations due to the random insertion of foreign DNA, some of which may lead to cancer in mammalian cells(47). The ability of the CaMV promoter to function in all species including human beings is particularly relevant to the potential hazards of horizontal gene transfer.

19. The possibility for naked or free DNA to be taken up by mammalian cells is explicitly mentioned in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) draft guidance to industry on antibiotic resistance marker genes(48). In commenting on the FDA's document, the UK MAFF pointed out that transgenic DNA may be transferred not just by ingestion, but by contact with plant dust and air-borne pollen during farm work and food processing(49). This warning is all the more significant with the recent report from Jena University in Germany that field experiments indicated GM genes may have transferred via GM pollen to the bacteria and yeasts in the gut of bee larvae(50).

20. Plant DNA is not readily degraded during most commercial food processing(51). Procedures such as grinding and milling left grain DNA largely intact, as did heat-treatment at 90deg.C. Plants placed in silage showed little degradation of DNA, and a special UK MAFF report advises against using GM plants or plant waste in animal feed.

21. The human mouth contains bacteria that have been shown to take up and express naked DNA containing antibiotic resistance genes, and similar transformable bacteria are present in the respiratory tracts(52).

22. Antibiotic resistance marker genes from GM plants have been found to transfer horizontally to soil bacteria and fungi in the laboratory(53). Field monitoring revealed that GM sugar beet DNA persisted in the soil for up to two years after the GM crop was planted. And there is evidence suggesting that parts of the transgenic DNA have transferred horizontally to bacteria in the soil(54).

23. Recent research in gene therapy and nucleic acid (both DNA and RNA) vaccines leaves little doubt that naked/free nucleic acids can be taken up, and in some cases, incorporated into the genome of all mammalian cells including those of human beings. Adverse effects already observed include acute toxic shock, delayed immunological reactions and autoimmune reactions(55).

24. The British Medical Association, in their interim report (published May, 1999), called for an indefinite moratorium on the releases of GMOs pending further research on new allergies, the spread of antibiotic resistance genes and the effects of transgenic DNA.

25. In the Cartegena Biosafety Protocol successfully negotiated in Montreal in January, 2000, more than 130 governments have agreed to implement the precautionary principle, and to ensure that biosafety legislations at the national and international levels take precedence over trade and financial agreements at the WTO. Similarly, delegates to the Codex Alimentarius Commission Conference in Chiba Japan, March 2000, have agreed to prepare stringent regulatory procedures for GM foods that include pre-market evaluation, long-term monitoring for health impacts, tests for genetic stability, toxins, allergens and other unintended effects(56). The Cartegena Biosafety Protocol has now been signed by 68 Governments in Nairobi in May, 2000.

26. We urge all Governments to take proper account of the now substantial scientific evidence of actual and suspected hazards arising from GM technology and many of its products, and to impose an immediate moratorium on further environmental releases, including open field trials, in accordance with the precautionary principle as well as sound science.

27. Successive studies have documented the productivity and sustainability of family farming in the Third World as well as in the North(57). Evidence from both North and South indicates that small farms are more productive, more efficient and contribute more to economic development than large farms. Small farmers also tend to make better stewards of natural resources, conserving biodiversity and safeguarding the sustainability of agricultural production(58). Cuba responded to the economic crisis precipitated by the break up of the Soviet Bloc in 1989 by converting from conventional large scale, high input monoculture to small organic and semi-organic farming, thereby doubling food production with half the previous input(59).

28. Agroecological approaches hold great promise for sustainable agriculture in developing countries, in combining local farming knowledge and techniques adjusted to local conditions with contemporary western scientific knowledge(60). The yields have doubled and tripled and are still increasing. An estimated 12.5 million hectares worldwide are already successfully farmed in this way(61). It is environmentally sound and affordable for small farmers. It recovers farming land marginalized by conventional intensive agriculture. It offers the only practical way of restoring agricultural land degraded by conventional agronomic practices. Most of all, it empowers small family farmers to combat poverty and hunger.

29. We urge all Governments to reject GM crops on grounds that they are both hazardous and contrary to ecologically sustainable use of resources. Instead they should support research and development of sustainable agricultural methods that can truly benefit family farmers the world over.

signed by 354 scientists from 42 countries
1 Prof. Adolfo E. Boy Horticulture and Sustainable Agri. Univ. Moron, Chair of Inst. of Sustainble Agriculture Argentina
2 Dr. Graeme E. Browne General Practitioner, Melbourne, PSRAST Australia
3 Dr. Judy A. Carman Epidemiologist, Flanders University, Adelaide Australia
4 Dr. Catherine Clinch-Jones General Practitioner, Adelaide Australia
5 Dr. Philip A. Davies Geneticist, Adelaide Australia
6 Prof. Horst W. Doelle Micobiologist, Univ. Queensland retired, Chair of International Organisation for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Director, MIRCEN-Biotechnology, Brisbance and Pacific Regional Network Australia
7 Dr. Lynette J. Dumble Medical Scientist, Women's Health and Environment, University of Melbourne Australia
8 Angela Fehringer Anthropology Student, Sydney Australia
9 Prof. Frank G.H.P. Fisher Graduate School of Environmental Science, Clayton Australia
10 Kasia E. Gabrys Environmental Scientist, Environmental Science, National Trust of Australia, Melbourne Australia
11 Stephen Glanville PDC ECOS Design Australia
12 Dr. Veronica R. Griffin Consultant, Nutrition and Environmental Medicine, Cairns Australia
13 Dr. Richard Hindmarsh Environmental Social Scientist, Univ. Queensland Australia
14 Margaret Jackson B.Sc.Genetics National Genetics Awareness Alliance Australia
15 Lisa McDonald Agronomist, CRC for Sustainable Sugar Production, James Cook University Australia
16 Dr. Peter J. McMachon Plant Physiologist, Genethics, Australia Conservation Foundation Australia
17 Dr. Paul Nelson CSIRO Land and Water, PMB Australia
18 Dr. Sharron L. Pfueller Biochemistry/Environmental Studies, School of Geography and Environmental Sciene, Monash University, Melbourne Australia
19 Katrina E. Preski Environmental Science, Monash University, Melbourne Australia
20 Dr. Peter Renowden Strategic Planner, Melbourne Australia
21 Dr. Ted Steele Molecular Immunologist, U. Wollengong Australia
22 DI Gertrude Kaffenbock Ph.D. candidate, Agricultural Economist, St. Polton Austria
23 Thomas Klemm Psychologist, Konrad Lorenz Institute Austria
24 Dr. Maria G. Neunteufel Economist, Vienna Austria
25 Dr Farhad Mazhar Ecologist, New Agricultural Movement Bangladesh
26 Els Torreele Ph.D student , biotechnology , Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Belgium
27 Dr. Gaeumltan du.Bus de.Warnaffe Forest Engineer, Univ. Catholique de Louvain Belgium
28 Paulo Roberto Martins Research Institute of Technology, Brazil
29 Renata Menasche Anthropologist, Federal Un. of Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
30 Dr Thomas R. Preston Un. of Tropical Agriculture Cambodia
31 Dr Warren Bell MD, Canad. Assoc. of Physicians for the Environ. Canada
32 Prof.-Emeritus Alfred M. Braxton Anthropologist, Univ. British Columbia Canada
33 Denis Cauchon M.Sc., Ph.D. candidate, Toxicology, Ecole HEC, Montreal Canada
34 Yoon C. Chen B.Sc., DPM Podiatrist, Foot Clinic, Lethbridge, Alberta Canada
35 Bert R. Christie Plant Breeding, Research Scientist, Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Charlotte Town Canada
36 Prof. Alain Cuerrier Taxonomy/Botany, Quebec, Univ. of Montreal Canada
37 Prof. Joe Cummins Geneticist, University of Western Ontario Canada
38 Prof. E. Emeritus FRSC, Health Science, McMaster Univ. Ontario Canada
39 Virginia F. Flamarique AMD, Consultant Agrologist, Edmonton Canada
40 Dr. Imme Gerke Ph.D , Cell biologist , BIOTEPP , Canada
41 Tanya Handa M.Sc., Ecologist,, Univ. Toronto, Toronto Canada
42 Aaron Jette Anthrolopogy student, McGill Univ., Montreal Canada
43 Dr. Gavin A. Kemp ret. Researcher, Vegetable Crop Breeding, Lethbridge Canada
44 Prof. Ronald Labonte Population Health Research Director, Ontario Canada
45 William J. Lewis Linguist, Univ. of Victoria, British Columbia Canada
46 Prof. Abby Lippman Epidemologist & Geneticist, McGill Un. Canada
47 John B. Van Loon M.Sc., Storage Entomologist, retired, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, PSRAST, Canada
48 Prof. Ralph C. Martin Plant Science, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro Canada
49 Prof. Dennis R. McCalla Biochemist & Geneticist, emeritus, McMaster University, Hamilton Canada
50 Laura Mitchell Earth Scientist, APEGBG, Canada
51 Dr. Anne Morgan Entomolgist/ Climate Change (retired) Univ. of Waterloo Canada
52 Dr. M. Murphy Pediatrician, NAMBLA Canada
53 Dr. James A. Nero D.C., General Practitioner, neuromusculoskeletal medicine, Coquitlam Canada
54 Anna D. Noikov B.A.B.Ed., Wholistic Practitioner, Edmonton Canada
55 Prof. Ann Oaks Botany (retired), Univ. Guelph Canada
56 Steve Robak Canadian Department of National Defence Canada
57 Leslirae Rotor Economist, consultant, Ottawa Canada
58 Dr. John Scull Psychologist, University of Victoria, Victoria Canada
59 Dr. Carolyn A. Simmerman ND.DC, Docotr., Whole Health Centre, Edmonton Canada
60 Prof. David Suzuki David Suzuki Foundation, Geneticist, U.B.C., Canada
61 Prof. Stephen Talmage Philospher (retired) Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
62 Prof. R.M. Wolfson Physicist, Maharishi Vedic College, Ottawa, Canada
63 Dr. John C. Worketin Retired computer scientist, Ontario, Canada
64 Dr. Alexander Jablanczy General Practitioner, Doctor’s Building, Saulte Ste. Marie, China
65 Elias Gomez Ph. D. Candidate, Dept. of Geology, University of Cornell, Colombia
66 Damjan Bogdanovic PhD candidate, Un Zagreb, Croatia
67 Prof. Marijan Jost Plant Geneticist, Agricultural College, Krizevci, Croatia
68 Damir Magdic, M.Sc. Food Scientist, Osijek Un, Croatia
69 Dr. Zora Matrovic MD, MS, Vice-President, Croatia Natural Law Party, Croatia
70 Vesna Samobor M.Sc., Agricultural College, Krizevci, Croatia
71 Prof. Drasko Seman Ecologist, Univ. Zagreb Medical School, Croatian Man and Biosphere Committee, UNESCO South Eastern Mediterranean Sea Project, UNESCO Comm. Ed. & Communication, INCN, European Committee on Environmental Ed., IUCN, Croatia
72 Prof Anton Svajger Un Zagreb Medical School Croatia
73 Henrik Westergaard Odense University Hospital, Odense Denmark
74 Dr. Gennadi Kobzar Senior Scientist, Biomedicine, Institute of Chemistry, Tallinn Technical Univ. Estonia
75 Dr. Tewolde Egziabher Agronomist, Min. of the Environment, Spokesperson for African Region Ethiopia
76 Sylvain Allombert M.Sc., Ph.D. Student, Ecology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientificque, Monpellier, PSRAST France
77 Dr. Thierry Baussant Biochemist, Senior Scientist, Pharmaceutical Industry, Bellegard France
78 Dr. Jean-Pierre Berlan , Directeur de Recherches INR/CTESI France
79 Dr. Luc G. Bulot Researcher, ESA CNRS 6019- Centre de Sedimentologie- Paleontologie, Marseille, PSRAST France
80 Dr. George Capouthier , Biologist, Univ. Paris France
81 Dr. Marie Christine BRGM Environment & Procedes, Unite Biotechnologie, Orlean France
82 Dr. Jean Estrangin MK, General Practice, Grenoble France
83 Alain Fardif Certificat of therapist, Paris, France
84 Dr. Herve Le Meur Biomathematician, Univ. Paris France
85 Dr. Vic Norris IFR Systems Integres, Univ. Rouen France
86 Dr. Jean-Michel Panoff Microbiologist, Univ. of Caen, Caen, France
87 Dr. J. Pelt Institut Europeen d'Ecologie , France
88 Thierry Raffin Sociologue, President de ‘Inf’OGM, France
89 Prof. Gilles-Eric Seralini Laboratoire de Biochimie& Moleculaire, Univ. Caen France
90 Dr. Jean Staune Ph.D , Post Darwinian Evolutionist , Interdisciplinary University, Paris , France
91 olga daric M.Phil , linguistics, , France
92 Dr. Reinald Doebel Institute of Sociology, Rural and Development Soc., Westfaelische Wilhelms Univ. Germany
93 Dr. Tarek Elsherif Molecular Biologist, TU Munich, Germany
94 Dr. Anita Idel Author and Zoologist, Op’n Dorp 17, Barsbek Germany
95 Dr. Martha Martens Biologist, Bund Naturschutz in Bayern e. V., Munich Germany
96 Dr. Werner Mittelstaedt President, Future Research/Peace Studies, Gelsenkir Germany
97 Dr. Eckart Stein Physicist, Univ. Regensburg Germany
98 Dr. Beatrix Tappeser Head of Dept., Risk analysis of genetic engineering, Institute for Applied Ecology, Freiburg, Germany
99 Dr. Rebecca C. Wade Molecular Biology, Heidelberg Germany
100 Dr. Christine von Weisaeker Ecoropa Germany
101 Dr. Maria Caparis Marine Biologist, Greece
102 Dr. Costas Giannakenas Consultant, Nuclear Medicine, Univ. Patras Medical School, Rion-Patras Greece
103 Anna Gigli statistical modelling for medicine and biology , national research council , Greenland
104 Dr Christiane Boecker MCommH, Community Health Haiti
105 Kevin Li B.Sc. Hong Kong
106 Prof. Ervin Laszlo President, The Club of Budapest Hungary
107 Dr. Muhua Achary Environmentalist, St. Joseph's College, Bangalore India
108 Prof. Jayapaul Azariah Ecology, Environmental Ethics, Head of Dept.of Zoology and Director of School of Life Sciences, Univ. Madras, Chennai, India
109 Dr. Thomas S. Cox Research Geneticist, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS (retired) - present address Hyderabad, India
110 C. Nanjunda Murthy M.Sc. Plant Scientist, Karnataka India
111 Dr. N. Raghauram Plant Molecular Biology, Univ. Mumbai India
112 Sharad Shah Director of Ace natural foods, Vadodara, India
113 Devinder Sharma Geneticist, Plant Breeder and Writer, Forum for Biotechnology and Food Security, New Delhi, India
114 Dr. Vandana Shiva Research Institute for Science and Ecology India
115 Dr. Ernawati Gender and Rural Development, Institute of Rural Development Indonesia
116 Prof. Rita Alicchio Plant Geneticist, Univ. Bologna Italy
117 Dr. Andrea Amadei Molecular Biophysics , Assistant professor Un. of Rome Tor Vergata , Italy
118 Dr. Ciro Aurigemma Ph.D , psicologist member of csa , CEU/IPV , Italy
119 Paola Capozzi plant and soil ecology , Italy
120 Dr Giorgio Cingolani Agricultural Economist Italy
121 Dr. Bruno D'Udine Behaviour Ecologist,  University of Udine Italy
122 Prof. Adriano Decarli Cancer Epidermiology, INST, Univ. Milan Italy
123 Elena Del Grosso Geneticist, Researcher, Deptl Evolutionary & Exptl. Biology, Univ. Bologna, Bologna Italy
124 Prof. Leopoldo Silvestroni Endocrinologist, Univ. of Rome Italy
125 Prof.Em. Shingo Shibata Hiroshima University; Environmental Sociology and Biosafety, Tokyo Japan
126 Prof. Atuhiro Sibatani Molecular Biologist, Osaka Japan
127 Dr Shiron Sugita Plant Geneticist, Nagoya U. Japan
128 Dr Noboru Yagishita Plant Geneticist, Jap. Assoc. Agro-Nature, Tokyo Japan
129 Dr Machiko Yasukohchi PLAN - International Japan Public Relations Team Japan
130 Prof. Alberto R. Miranda Biologist, Environmental Public Education, Cuernavaca Mexico
131 Juan Rodriguez Mitchell Nemesio Anthropologist, PNUD, INI Mexico
132 Dr. Robert Anderson Physicist, Nuclear Medicine, Technical Institute, Hamilton New Zealand
133 Dr. George Coghill Software Engineering, University of Auckland New Zealand
134 Dr. Tim Ewer Physician, Mapua Health Centre, Nelson New Zealand
135 Dr. Michael Godfrey Environmental Toxicologist, General Practitioner, Taura New Zealand
136 Sigrid D. Houlette B.Sc., Solid Waste Manager, Environmental Engineering, Local Government, Lower Hutt New Zealand
137 Dr. Nick Lambrechten Consultant Revegetation Ecologist, Wellington New Zealand
138 Dr. Shona L. Lamoureaux Plant Ecology, Christchurch New Zealand
139 Dr Robert Mann Ecologist, Auckland New Zealand
140 Robin W. Ord Molecular Geneticist, Law Student, Hamilton New Zealand
141 Dr Colin Wells Director of Energy Management, Dept of Physics, University of Otago New Zealand
142 Dr Peter R Wills Theoretical Biology, Univ. Auckland New Zealand
143 Dr. Bernard Conlon B.Sc , Rural GP , New
144 Dr Ingrid Olesen Senior Research Scientist, Institute of Aquaculture Res. Ltd Norway
145 Dr. Lars Rasmussen MD, General Practitioner, Univ. Oslo, Mesnali Norway
146 Prof. Terje Traavik Virologist, University of Tromso Norway
147 Dr. Sergio Barrio Tarnawiecki Science Policy, National Research Council of Lima Peru
148 Dr. Pamela G. Fernadez Agronomist, U. Philippines, Los Banos Philippines
149 Ben Malayang University of Philippines , Los Banos, Laguna , Philippines
150 Charles T. Olsen D.C., Chiropractic Clinic, Davao Clinic, PSRAST Philippines
151 Dr. Romeo F. Quijano Pesticide Action Network, Pharmacologist/Toxiologist Philippines
152 Prof. Oscar B. Zamora Agronomist, U. Philippines, Los Banos Philippines
153 Dr. Margarida Silva Molecular Biologist, Portuguese Catholic Univ. Portugal
154 Dr. Franciso J.C.M. Teixeira Researcher, Geophysics, Geological and Mining Institute, Lisbon Portugal
155 Fatima do C. Teixeira Researcher, Marine Geology, Lisbon Portugal
156 Dr. Clara E. Carrasco Genetics and Molecular Biology, UPR Ponce Puerto Rico
157 Glenn Ashton Director, Ekogaia Foundation, and Green Party South Africa
158 Dr. Brigitte, N.B. Schwabe-Berg Medical Officer, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town South Africa
159 Dr Gregorio Alvar Biotechnologist,.  Computense U. Madrid Spain
160 Javier Blasco Aragonese Ctr for Rural European Information Spain
161 Prof. F. Pura Duart-Soler Sociology, Univ. Valencia, PSRAST, Spain
162 Prof. Ernest Garcia Ph. D. Sociology, Univ. Valencia, Dept. Sociologia I Antropologia Social, Valencia Spain
163 Dr. Pablo Malo Psychiatrist, Consultant, Mental Health Center, Bilbao Spain
164 Sergio Sanchez Suarez General Practitioner, Las Palmas, Spain
165 Dr. Bo Dahlin Education Science, Karlsbad University, Karlsbad, Sweden
166 Prof. Every N. Gummesson Management, Stockholm Univ. PSRAST, Sweden
167 Dr. Katarina Leppanen History of Ideas,  Gothenburg Uni, Sweden
168 Said O. Holmin Lic. Technology, Rector, Computer Science, College of Creative Computer Science, Stockholm, Sweden
169 Dr. Jaan Suurkula Physician, Physicians and Scientists for Responsible Assessment of Science and Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
170 Dr. Daniel Amman Cell Biologist,  Tech. Switzerland
171 Dr. Ruth Goseth Dermatologist, ISDE, Switzerland
172 Florianne Koechlin Biologist, World Wildlife Fund, Switzerland
173 Yvan Maillard dipl. Sc. Nat. ETH Environementalist, Ecology, Fribourg, PSRAST, Switzerland
174 Yves Schatzle Agronomist and Economist, Switzerland
175 Verena Soldati Biotechnologist, Basler Appell, Switzerland
176 Dr. Peter Burt Ph.D , Water Quality Management , Prince of Songkla university , Thailand
177 Prof. Omboom Luanratana Pharmacologist, Univ. of Mahedol, Bangkok, Thailand
178 Piengporn Panutampon biology/medical biology , Biothai (Thai Network on Community & Biodiversity) , Thailand
179 Prof. Reungchai Tansakul Ph.D , Biologist , Prince of Songkla University , Thailand
180 Lianchamroon Witoon Sustainable agriculture , Biothai , Thailand
181 Jaroen Compeerapap Environmental Law and Development Center The Netherlands
182 Dr. Michael L. Abrahams (retired) Aeronautics, Bristol, PSRAST, UK
183 Dr. Michael Antoniou Molecular Geneticist, Guy's Hospital, UK
184 Paula F. Baillie-Hamilton Academic Researcher on Pesticides, Perthshire, UK
185 Dr. Susan Bardocz Geneticist, Aberdeen, UK
186 Dr. Jeremy Bartlett Plant Molecular Geneticist (formerly John Innes Institute), UK
187 Manoel Bascoi Geneticist, PhD Candidate, JII, UK
188 Dr. David Beasley Genetic Algorithm, University of Bath, UK
189 Dr. David Bellamy Biologist and Broadcaster, London, UK
190 Lynda Birke Biologist, Liverpool Uni. Veterinary School, UK
191 Dr. David A.H. Birley General Medical Practitioner, Swindon, UK
192 Sarah Blenkinsop B.Sc , Environmental Consultant/Campaigner/Organic grower , Planet Services Environmental Consultancy , UK
193 Gerard C. Bodeker Ed. D., Senior Clinical Lecturer in Public Health, Univ. Oxford Medical School, UK
194 Dr. Jeffrey Boss Cell Biologist, Dept. of Physiology, Bristol University, UK
195 Sophie H. Bown B.Sc. Ph.D. Candidate, Zoology, Manchester Univ., UK
196 Paul Breslaw Computer Scientist, Consultant, Financial Research, Forest Row, UK
197 Prof. Roy Butterfield DSc.,DIC, CEng., MICE, MIStruct.E. Civil Engineer, Southampton, UK
198 Dr. Janet Cotter-Howells Environmental Geochemist, Lecturer in Soil Science, Aberdeen University, UK
199 Dr. Stephen Cross Molecular Population Geneticist, Birmingham University, UK
200 Dr. Alan Currier Taxonomist, IRBV, UK
201 Gordon Daly Ph. D. student, Gene Therapist, Kennedy Inst. London, UK
202 Stuart Daly Ph. D. student, Transgenic group, Charing Cross Hosp. UK
203 Dr. Mike Dodd Ecologist, Open University, UK
204 G.D.Humphreys M.Sc, technologist, aerodynamics, UK
205 Joseph A. Gari Marie Curie Research Fellow, Political Ecology, University of Oxford, UK
206 Dr. Mike Gillman Ecologist, Open University, UK
207 Dr. Alassandro Gimona Research Scientist, Ecology, MLURI, Aberdeen, UK
208 Edward Goldsmith Editor, The Ecologist, London, UK
209 Zac Goldsmith Editor, The Ecologist, London, UK
210 Prof. Brian Goodwin Biologist, Schumacher College, UK
211 Lale Gurel Bec., Manager, Nature – Macmillan Publishers, London, UK
212 Adrian Haffegee B.Eng , Electronic Engineer , UK
213 Julian Haffegee B.Sc , Biophysicist , Open University , UK
214 Dr. Keith H. Halfacree Univ. Lecturer, Geography, Univ. of Wales Swansea, UK
215 Dr. John E. Hammond Engineer, Highfield, UK
216 Dr. David J Heaf Biochemist, Wales, UK
217 Dr. Marion Hersch Assistive Electonic Technologies, Dept. Electronics & Electrical Engineering, Univ. Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
218 Dr. Mae-Wan Ho Geneticist and Biophysicist, Open University, UK
219 Patrick Holden Director, Soil Association, UK
220 Dr. Vyvyan Howard Toxipathologist, U. Liverpool, UK
221 Dr. Brian Hursey ex FAO Senior Officer for Vector Borne Diseases, Neath , UK
222 Prof. Tim Ingold Anthropologist, University of Aberdeen, UK
223 Magnus L. Johnson School of Science & Management, U.C. Scarborough, UK
224 Peter Preston Jones MSc,  Environomental Campaigner UK
225 Dani Kaye M.Sc. Scientists for Global Responsibility London UK
226 David Kaye M.Sc. Scientists for Global Responsibility, London UK
227 Dr J. M. Kerr Bioethics Winchester College: Oxford U. UK
228 Dr. Philip Kilner Cardiac Imaging Specialist, Royal Brompton Hospital UK
229 Prof. Richard Lacey Microbiologist, Leeds, UK
230 Dr. Jonathan R. Latham Molecular Virologist, previously JII and Genetics Dept., Wisconsin-Madison Univ., Exeter, UK
231 Dr. Colin L.A. Leakey Plant Geneticist, Cambridge UK
232 Chris Lucas MIMIS, Complexity Scientist, CALResCo, UK
233 Dr. Joan Mason Chemist, Cambridge UK
234 Dr. Alan Mayne Statistician, Scientists for Global Responsibility, London UK
235 Darl N. Middleton Ph. D. Candidate, Environ. Science, Dept. Civil Engineering, Univ. Manchester UK
236 Dr. Erik Millstone Science & Techology Policy Research, Sussex Univ. Brighton UK
237 Patrick Mulvany C Biol Food Security Policy Adviser, specialising in Agricultural Biodiversity Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG) UK
238 Dr. Harash Narang Pathologist, BSE expert UK
239 Dr. Eva Novotny Astrophysicist, Univ. Cambridge (retired) UK
240 Dr. David Packham Material Scientist, U. Bath, UK
241 Fatima Pelica Biochemist, PhD Candidate, JII UK
242 Dr. Michel Pimbert Agricultural Ecologist, International Institute for Environment and Development, London UK
243 Dr. Robert C. Poller Organic Chemist, U. London UK
244 Dr. Ron Press Ph.D , Chemical Engineer , Bristol , UK
245 Prof. Arpad Pusztai Biochemist, Formerly from Rowett Institute UK
246 Dr. Jerry Ravetz Philosopher of Science, London UK
247 Dr. Irene Ridge Biologist, Open University UK
248 Dr. Barry T. Rubin Physical/Electro Chemist, Director, Davis-Rubin Associates Ltd, Northhants UK
249 Angela Ryan Molecular biologist, Open Univ. UK
250 Dr. Jean A.D. Saunders BDS, LDS RCS, Dental Surgeon (retired) Faringdon UK
251 Prof. Peter Saunders Biomathematician, U. London, UK
252 Martin Shaw Geneticist , UK
253 Dr. Peter Sollich Theoretical Physics, Dept. Mathematics, King’s College, London UK
254 Dr. Gesa Staats.de.Yanes Veterinarian Toxicologists, U. Liverpool UK
255 Prof. Ian Stewart Biomathematics, U. Warwick UK
256 Dr. Gene S. Thomas Agriculturist UK
257 Dr. Margaret J. Tyson Glossop, PSRAST UK
258 Dr Tom Wakeford Biologist, U. of East London UK
259 Martyn Wells Astronomer, UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Edinburg UK
260 Barbara Wood-Kaczmar M.Sc., Science writer UK
261 Julian Wootton Conservationist, London UK
262 Dr. Karen Wren University teacher, Geography, St. Andrews Univ., St. Andrews, Fife UK
263 Prof. John B. .Fagan Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, Iowa USA
264 Dr. Rayane Abusabha Senior Research Associate, Department of Nutrition, College of Health and Human Development, Penn State University, USA
265 Prof. Miguel A. Altieri Environment Science, Policy and Management, Univ. Calif., Berkeley USA
266 Dr. Catherine Badley Biologist,  University of Michigan USA
267 Dr. Britt Bailey Senior Researcher, CETOS, Ca USA
268 Prof. Phil Bereano Council for Responsible Genetics, U. Washington USA
269 Dr. Walter Bortz Physician, Palo Alto USA
270 Dr. Douglas H Boucher Ecologist, Hood College USA
271 Dr. Neil J. Carman Clean Air Program Director, Sierra Club, Austin, Texas USA
272 Liane Casten M.Phil , journalist and author on food, pesticides, public policy, public health, etc. , Chair, Chicago Media Watch , USA
273 Prof. Liebe F. Cavalieri Mathematical Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, Univ. Minnesota, St. Paul USA
274 Vijaykumar V.C. Chalasani MS Consultant East Brunswick USA
275 Dr. Ignacio Chapela Microbiologist & Ecologist, U.C. Berkeley USA
276 Kristin Cobelius M.Sc. Student, U. Michigan USA
277 Dr. Martha Crouch Biologist, Indiana University USA
278 Jill Davies Stream Ecologist, Organic Farmer, Montana USA
279 Dr. Carolyn F.A. Dean MD ND, Consultant, Integrative Medicine, Holeopathic Pharmakeia, NY, USA Board of Women for a Safe Future USA
280 Dr. David Ehrenfeld Biologist/Ecologist, Rutgers University, New Jersey USA
281 Dr. Samuel Epstein School of Public Health, Univ. Illinois, Chicago USA
282 Juiet S Erazo PhD student U. of Michigan USA
283 Dr. Don Fitz Research Psychologist and Editor, Synthesis/Regeneration: A Magazine of Green Social Thought , USA
284 Dr. Ty Fitzmorris Ecologist, Hampshire College USA
285 Dr Michael W Fox Veterinarian & Bioethicist, Washington DC USA
286 Cynthia A. Frye FS/MS Student, Biology, Univ. Texas Medical Branch USA
287 Prof. John Garderineer Biologist, U. Michigan USA
288 Dr. Barbara K. Given Faculty Researcher, George Mason Univ. Fairfax USA
289 Dr. Jay L. Glaser MK, Medical Director, Maharishi Ayurveda Medical Center, Lancaster USA
290 Dr Herve Grenier Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Change, Univ. Washington USA
291 Dr. Gayle Robin Hamilton Assoc. Prof. Centre for the Advancement of Public Health, Fairfax, VA USA
292 Rev. Dorothy A. Harper Biotethics, Washington USA
293 Paul C. Helgeson BSME Senior Engineer, Middleton, WI USA
294 Prof. Martha Herbert Pediatric Neurologist, Mass. Gen. Hosp. USA
295 Daniel J. Highkin Internist, Vancouver, Washington USA
296 Philip H Howard Ph.D candidate, Rural Sociology, Uni. of Missouri USA
297 Prof. Ruth Hubbard Biologist, Harvard University USA
298 Andrew J. Hund Sociologist, Arcata, USA
299 Alex Jack Planetary Medicine, Jushi Institute, Becket, Mass, USA
300 Dr. Michael Janson General Practitioner, Nutrition, Cambridge USA
301 Robert W. Johnson Material Scientist, DSM Desotech, Elgin, Illinois USA
302 Dr. Gary P. Kaplan Assoc. Prof. Neurology, North Shore Univ. Hosp., NYU School of Medicine, Mass USA
303 Dr. Arlene M. Kellman D.O., Physician, Tucson USA
304 Prof. Jonathan King Molecular Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Council for Responsible Genetics USA
305 Dr Jack Kloppenburg Un. Wisconsin, Rural Sociologist USA
306 Heidei A. Kratsch R.D./Graduate Student, Plant Physiology, Univ. Wisconsin USA
307 Dr. Louis H. Krut MK, CHB.:MD, St. Louis Univ. Medical School, Missouri USA
308 U.V. Kutzli Ph.D. Candidate, U of Michigan USA
309 Dr. Marc Lappe Geneticist and Director CETOS, Ca USA
310 David Lindley USA
311 Sean Lyman Student Gettysbury College USA
312 Dr. Timothy Mann Geographer, Hampshire College USA
313 Anne-Marie Mayer Ph. D. candidate, Nutrition, Cornell Univ. USA
314 Christine McCullum Ph. D. Candidate, Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, USA
315 Lynn V. McIndoo Student, Environmental Resources Engineering, Humboldt State Univ., Arcata USA
316 Vuejuin McKersen M.Sc Natural Resource Manager U. Michigan USA
317 Dr. Stephen L. Mikesell Anthropology and Political Ecology, Univ. Wisconsin, Madison USA
318 Dr. Usha Mukhtyar M.D. Consultant, Gynecology, Obstetrics, Bronx, New York USA
319 Prof. Stuart A. Newman Developmental Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York USA
320 Lena S Nicolai PhD Student University of Michigan USA
321 Dr. Ingrid C. Northwood Biochemist, Simon Fraser University USA
322 Dr. Ronald E. Openshaw Adjunct Faculty, Geology, Physics, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, USA
323 Marial Peelle Biol./Anthropologist Undergrad. Swarthmors College USA
324 Dr. Juette Peufecto Biologist, U of Michigan USA
325 Chris Picone M.Sc.Soil Microbiologist, U. Michigan USA
326 Dr. Caros R Ramirez Biologist, St Lawrance University USA
327 Prof. Philip J. Regal Dept. Ecology, Evolution and Behavior Univ. Minnesota, St. Paul USA
328 Prof. R.H. Richardson Professor of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin USA
329 Dr. Susan L. Roberts MSRDLD Health and Nutrition, Sue Roberts Health Concepts USA
330 James Rose Ceptual Institute , USA
331 Dr. Peter M. Rosset Ins. for Food and Development Policy USA
332 Prof. Philip B. Rudnick Emeritus, Chemistry, West Chester Univ., Pennsylvania, PSRAST USA
333 Dr. Arthur Rybeck D.D.S. Dentistry and Organic Farmer, Wheeling USA
334 Dr. Elizbet Sahtouris Biologist & Author USA
335 Thomas J. Saunders Student, Environmental Science, Humboldt State Univ., Arcata USA
336 Dr. Nancy A Schult Entomologist, U of Wisconsin-Madison USA
337 Dr. Brian Schultz Ecologist, Hampshire College USA
338 Dr. Kathy Schwab Health Researcher, MPH, RD, LD, Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon USA
339 Prof. David Schwartzman Geochemist, Howard Uni. Washington DC USA
340 Dr. Linda Jean Sheperd Biochemist, Gaia Blessings USA
341 Dr. Gerald Smith Zoologist, U. Michigan USA
342 Dr. John Soluri Historian of Science, Carnegie Mellon U USA
343 Doreen Stabinsky Geneticist International Environmental Politics and Policy, California State University at Sacrament USA
344 Irl Stalcup Corporate Training, LA County Dept of Parks and Recreation USA
345 Emma Steen Dietician (retired) Portland USA
346 Prof. John Vandermeer Biologist, Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor USA
347 Rosa Vazquez Student in Biology, Ohio State University USA
348 Susan Vegors Psychologist, Consultant, Solutech, Indianapolis USA
349 Prof. Kenneth G. Walton Neurochemist, Vedic Medicine, Maharishi Univ. IA USA
350 Ryan White Student St Lawrence University USA
351 Dr. George M. Woodwell Director, The Woods Hole Research Center USA
352 Dr. Suzanne M. Wuerthele Toxicologist, Toxicology & Risk Assessment, federal regulatory agency, Denver USA
353 Dr. John Zamarra M.D. Cardiology, Fullerton USA
354 Julio Eduardo Perez Genetics of Marine Organisms , Universidad de Oriente , Venezuela

1. See World Scientists’ Statement, Institute of Science in Society website <www.i-sis.org>
2. See Ho, M.W. and Traavik, T. (1999). Why Patents on Life Forms and Living Processes Should be Rejected from TRIPS – Scientific Briefing on TRIPS Article 27.3(b). TWN Report, Penang. See also ISIS News #3 and #4 <www.i-sis.org>
3. James, C. (1998,1999). Global Status of Transgenic Crops, ISAAA Briefs, New York.
4. Benbrook, C. (1999). Evidence of the Magnitude and Consequences of the Roundup Ready Soybean Yield Drag from University-Based Varietal Trials in 1998, Ag BioTech InfoNet Technical Paper No. 1, Idaho.
5. “Splitting Headache” Andy Coghlan. NewScientist, News, November 20, 1999.
6. “Metabolic Disturbances in GM cotton leading to fruit abortion and other problems”<[email protected]>
7. “Genetically Altered Crops – Will We Answer the Questions?”Dan McGuire, American Corn Growers Association Annual Convention, Las Vegas Nevade, Feb.4, 2000; see also “Biotech News” Richard Wolfson, Canad. J. Health & Nutrition, April, 2000.
8. See Watkins, K. (1999). Free trade and farm fallacies. Third World Resurgence 100/101, 33-37; see also El Feki, S. (2000). Growing pains, The Economist, 25 March, 2000.
9. Agriculture: towards 2015/30, FAO Global Perspectives Studies Unit http://www.fao.org/es/esd/at2015/toc-e.htm
10. This is now admitted in an astonishing series of articles by Shereen El Feki in The Economist (March 25, 2000), hitherto generally considered as a pro-business right-wing magazine.
11. Farm and Land in Farms, Final Estimates 1993-1997, USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service.
12. See Griffin, D. (1999). Agricultural globalization. A threat to food security? Third World Resurgence 100/101, 38-40.
13. El Feki, S. (2000). Trust or bust, The Economist, 25 March, 2000.
14. Meikle, J. (2000). Farmers welcome £200m deal. The Guardian, 31 March, 2000.
15. Farm Aid fact sheet: The Farm Crisis Deepens, Cambridge, Mass, 1999.
16. US Department of Agriculture now holds two new patents on terminator technology jointly with Delta and Pine. These patents were issued in 1999. AstraZeneca are patenting similar techniques. Rafi communique, March, 2000
17. Simms, A. (1999). Selling Suicide, farming, false promises and genetic engineering in developing countries, Christian Aid, London.
18. “Let Nature’s Harvest Continue” Statement from all the African delegates (except South Africa) to FAO negotiations on the International Undertaking for Plant Genetic Resources June, 1998.
19. Letter from Kilusang Mgbubukid ng Pilipinas to OECD, 14 Feb. 2000 <www.geocities.com/kmp.ph>
20. Farmer’s Declaration on Genetic Engineering in Agriculture, National Family Farm Coalition, USA, <[email protected]>
21. Farmer's rally on Capitol Hill, September 12, 1999.
22. McGuire, D. (2000). Genetically altered crops: will we answer the questions? American Corn Growers Association Annual Convention, Las Vegas, Feb. 4, 2000.
23. MAFF Fact Sheet: Genetic modification of crops and food, June, 1999.
24. See Ho, M.W. and Tappeser, B. (1997). Potential contributions of horizontal gene transfer to the transboundary movement of living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology. Proceedings of Workshop on Transboundary Movement of Living Modified Organisms resulting from Modern biotechnology : Issues and Opportunities for Policy-makers (K.J. Mulongoy, ed.), pp. 171-193, International Academy of the Environment, Geneva.
25. “The BRIGHT Project: Botanical and Rotational Implications of Genetically Modified Herbicide Tolerance: Progress Report, March 2000, sponsored by MAFF, SERAD, HGCA, BBRO, Aventis, Crop Care, Cyanamid, Monsanto
26. Mellon, M. and Rissler, J. (1998). Now or Never. Serious New Plans to Save a Natural Pest Control, Union of Conerned Scientists, Cambridge, Mass.
27. Garcia,A.,Benavides,F.,Fletcher,T. and Orts,E. (1998). Paternal exposure to pesticides and congenital malformations. Scand J Work Environ Health 24, 473-80.
28. Hardell, H. & Eriksson, M. (1999). A Case-Control Study of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Exposure to Pesticides. Cancer85, 1355-1360.
29. "Cotton used in medicine poses threat: genetically-altered cotton may not be safe" Bangkok Post, November 17, 1997.
30. Hilbeck, A., Baumgartner, M., Fried, P.M. and Bigler, F. (1998). Effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis-corn-fed prey on mortality and development time of immature Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Environmental Entomology 27, 480-96.
31. Losey, J.E., Rayor, L.D. and Carter, M.E. (1999). Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae. Nature 399, 214.
32. See Wraight, C.L., Zangerl, R.A., Carroll, M.J. and Berenbaum, M.R. (2000). Absence of toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis pollen to black swallowtails under field conditions. PNAS Early Edition http://www.pnas.org/; despite the claim in the title, the paper reports toxicity of bt-pollen from a high-expressing line to swallowtail larvae in the laboratory. The issue of bt-crops is reviewed in "Swallowing the tale of the swallowtail" and "To Bt or Not to Bt", ISIS News #5
33. Deepak Saxena, Saul Flores, G, Stotzky (1999) Transgenic plants: Insecticidal toxin in root exudates from Bt corn Nature 402, 480, p 480.
34. Mayeno, A.N. and Gleich, G.J. (1994). Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome and tryptophan production : a cautionary tale. Tibtech 12, 346-352.
35. Epstein, E. (1998). Bovine growth hormone and prostate cancer; Bovine growth hormone and breast cancer. The Ecologist 28(5), 268, 269.
36. The secret memoranda came to light as the result of a civil lawsuit spearheaded by lawyer Steven Druker against the US FDA, May 1998. For details see Biointegrity website: <www.biointegrity.com>
37. Ewen, S.W.B. and Pusztai, A. (1999). Effects of diets containing genetially modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine. The Lancet 354, 1353-1354; see also <http://plab.ku.dk/tcbh/PusztaiPusztai.htm>
38. Pat Phibbs, P. (2000). Genetically modified food sales 'dead' In EU Until safety certain, says consultant , The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., Washington D.C. March 23, 2000.
39. See Ho, M.W. (1998,1999). Genetic Engineering Dream or Nightmare? The Brave New World of Bad Science and Big Business, Gateway, Gill & Macmillan, Dublin.
40. See Ho, M.W., Ryan, A., Cummins, J. (1999). The cauliflower mosaic viral promoter – a recipe for disaster? Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 11, 194-197; Ho, M.W., Ryan, A., Cummins, J. (2000). Hazards of transgenic crops with the cauliflower mosaic viral promoter. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease (in press); Cummins, J., Ho, M.W. and Ryan, A. (2000). Hazards of CaMV promoter. Nature Biotechnology (in press).
41. Reviewed in Ho, 1998,1999 (note 37); Ho, M.W., Traavik, T., Olsvik, R., Tappeser, B., Howard, V., von Weizsacker, C. and McGavin, G. (1998b). Gene Technology and Gene Ecology of Infectious Diseases. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 10, 33-59; Traavik, T. (1999a). Too early may be too late, Ecological risks associated with the use of naked DNA as a biological tool for research, production and therapy, Research report for Directorate for Nature Management, Norway.
42. N Ballas, S Broido, H Soreq, A Loyter (1989) Efficient functioning of plant promoters and poly(A) sites in Xenopus oocytes Nucl Acids Res 17, 7891-903.
43. Burke, C, Yu X.B., Marchitelli, L.., Davis, E.A., Ackerman, S. (1990). Transcription factor IIA of wheat and human function similarly with plant and animal viral promoters. Nucleic Acids Res 18, 3611-20.
44. Reviewed in Ho, 1998,1999 (note 37); Ho, M.W., Traavik, T., Olsvik, R., Tappeser, B., Howard, V., von Weizsacker, C. and McGavin, G. (1998b). Gene Technology and Gene Ecology of Infectious Diseases. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 10, 33-59; Traavik, T. (1999a). Too early may be too late, Ecological risks associated with the use of naked DNA as a biological tool for research, production and therapy, Research report for Directorate for Nature Management, Norway.
45. Kumpatla, S.P., Chandrasekharan, M.B., Iuer, L.M., Li, G. and Hall, T.c. (1998). Genome intruder scanning and modulation systems and transgene silencing. Trends in Plant Sciences 3, 96-104.
46. See Pawlowski, W.P. and Somers, D.A. (1996). Transgene inheritance in plants. Molecular Biotechnology 6, 17-30.
47. Reviewed by Doerfler, W., Schubbert, R., Heller, H., Kämmer, C., Hilger-Eversheim, D., Knoblauch, M. and Remus, R. (1997). Integration of foreign DNA and its consequences in mammalian systems. Tibtech 15, 297-301.
48. Draft Guidance for Industry: Use of Antibiotic Resistance Marker Genes in Transgenic Plants, US FDA, September 4, 1998.
49. See Letter from N. Tomlinson, Joint Food Safety and Standards Group, MAFF, to US FDA, 4 December, 1998.
50. See Barnett, A. (2000). GM genes 'jump species barrier'. The Observer, May 28.
51. Forbes, J.M., Blair, D.E., Chiter, A., and Perks, S. (1998). Effect of Feed Processing Conditions on DNA Fragmentation Section 5 - Scientific Report, MAFF; see also Ryan, A. and Ho, M.W. (1999). Transgenic DNA in animal feed. ISIS Report, November 1999 <www.i-sis.org>
52. Mercer, D.K., Scott, K.P., Bruce-Johnson, W.A. Glover, L.A. and Flint, H.J. (1999). Fate of free DNA and transformation of the oral bacterium Streptococcus gordonii DL1 by plasmid DNA in human saliva. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, 6-10.
53. Reviewed in Ho, 1998,1999 (note 37).
54. Gebbard, F. and Smalla, K. (1999). Monitoring field releases of genetically modified sugar beets for persistence of transgenic plant DNA and horizontal gene transfer. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 28, 261-272.
55. See Ho, M.W., Ryan, A., Cummins, J. and Traavik, T. (2000). Unregulated Hazards, ‘Naked’ and ‘Free’ Nucleic Acids, ISIS Report for Third World Network, Jan. 2000, London and Penang <www.i-sis.org>
56. Viewpoint, Henry Miller, Financial Times, March 22, 2000
57. See Pretty, J. (1995). Sustainable Agriculture, Earthscan, London; also Pretty, J. (1998). The Living Land - Agriculture, Food and Community Regeneration in Rural Europe, Earthscan, London; see also Alternative Agriculture: Report of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C., 1989.
58. Rosset, P. (1999). The Multiple Functions and Benefits of Small Farm Agriculture In the Context of Global Trade Negotiations, The Institute for Good and Development Policy, Policy Brief No. 4, Oakland.
59. Mruphy, C. (1999). Cultivating Havana: Urban Agriculture and Food Security in the Years of Crisis, Institute for Food and Development Policy, Development Report No. 12, Oakland.
60. Altieri, M., Rosset, P. and Trupp, L.A. (1998). The Potential of Agroecology to Combat Hunger in the Developing World, Institute for Food and Development Policy Report, Oakland, California.