Adelic Language Page

Verbs are words that express an action or assertion. Verbs in Adelic have a main verb and auxiliary verbs that combine to create various moods, voices, and tenses. 1. The Main Verb

There are four aspects of the main verb. They are the simple, the perfect, the progressive, and the perfect progressive.

i. The simple
The simple aspect of a verb expresses an action that takes place in the present or the past or the future. The simple aspect is formed with the basic word stem and, if it is a short single-syllable stem, its unstressed -e ending.
æsk, väch, tragge, iiz
ii. The perfect
The perfect aspect of a verb expresses an action that has already happened by some point in time, whether that point is present, past, or future. The perfect is formed by adding the suffixes -te or -de to the basic word stem.
æskte, vächte, traggde, iizde
iii. The progressive
The progressive aspect of a verb expresses an action still in progress at some point in time, whether that point is present, past, or future. It is formed by adding the suffix -ent to the basic word stem.
æskent, vächent, traggent, iizent
iv. The perfect-progressive
The perfect-progressive aspect of a verb expresses an action that was in progress at some point in time, whether that point is present, past, or future. It is formed by adding the suffix -n to the basic word stem.
æskn, vächn, traggn, iizn

Although each verb is a word by itself, it cannot stand alone in an Adelic sentence, unless it is in the imperative mood; otherwise it must be accompanied by a helping word called an auxiliary verb. The auxiliary provides the verb with tense and voice, as well as mood. The main verb and auxiliary verb together, along with modifiers, make up the verb phrase.

2. The Indicative Mood Auxiliaries

The indicative mood is used to make statements of fact. Facts may be stated in one of two voices: the active or the passive voice. Both of these voices has its own auxiliary, and each auxiliary has a present and a past form. These forms precede the different aspects of the main verb to create verb phrases in a number of tenses.

i. The active voice:
The active voice expresses statements in which the subject of the sentence is committing the action. The present tense auxiliary is tä, and the past is teed.
a. The present. The active voice present tenses are formed by combining the auxiliary verb tä with the main verb.

Gæmmrich tä jweem. = Henry comes.
Gæmmrich tä jweement. = Henry is coming.
Gæmmrich tä jweemde. = Henry has come.
Gæmmrich tä jweemn. = Henry has been coming.
a. The past. The active voice past tenses are formed by combining the auxiliary verb teed with the main verb.

Gæmmrich teed jweem. = Henry came.
Gæmmrich teed jweement. = Henry was coming.
Gæmmrich teed jweemde. = Henry had come.
Gæmmrich teed jweemn. = Henry had been coming.

ii. The passive voice:
The passive voice expresses statements in which the subject of the sentence is acted upon. The present tense auxiliary is kezz, and the past is kast.
a. The present. The passive voice present tenses are formed by combining the auxiliary verb kezz with the main verb.

Gæmmrich kezz gæðð. = Henry is called.
Gæmmrich kezz gæððent. = Henry is being called.
Gæmmrich kezz gæððde. = Henry has been called.
Gæmmrich kezz gæððn. = Henry has been being called.
b. The past. The passive voice past tenses are formed by combining the auxiliary verb kast with the main verb.

Gæmmrich kast gæðð. = Henry was called.
Gæmmrich kast gæððent. = Henry was being called.
Gæmmrich kast gæððde. = Henry had been called.
Gæmmrich kast gæððn. = Henry had been being called.

3. The Conditional Mood Auxiliaries

The conditional mood is used to make statements based on conditions contrary to fact. Conditional statements may be created using any of six auxiliary verbs, each with a present and a past form. These forms precede the different aspects of the main verb to create verb phrases in a number of tenses.

i. The future:
The future expresses statements in which the subject of the sentence has yet to act. The present tense auxiliary is ville, and the past is volde.
a. The present. The future condition present tenses are formed by combining the auxiliary verb ville with the main verb.

Gæmmrich ville jweem. = Henry will come.
Gæmmrich ville jweement. = Henry will be coming.
Gæmmrich ville jweemde. = Henry will have come.
Gæmmrich ville jweemn. = Henry will have been coming.
b. The past. The future condition past tenses are formed by combining the auxiliary verb volde with the main verb.

Gæmmrich volde jweem. = Henry would come.
Gæmmrich volde jweement. = Henry would be coming.
Gæmmrich volde jweemde. = Henry would have come.
Gæmmrich volde jweemn. = Henry would have been coming.
ii. Ability
Ability is indicated by the auxiliary verb junne and its past form junde.
a. The present. Present ability is indicated by combining the auxiliary verb junne with the main verb.

Gæmmrich junne jweem. = Henry can come.
Gæmmrich junne jweement. = Henry can be coming.
Gæmmrich junne jweemde. = Henry can have come.
Gæmmrich junne jweemn. = Henry can have been coming.
b. The past. Past ability is indicated by combining the auxiliary verb junde with the main verb.

Gæmmrich junde jweem. = Henry could come.
Gæmmrich junde jweement. = Henry could be coming.
Gæmmrich junde jweemde. = Henry could have come.
Gæmmrich junde jweemn. = Henry could have been coming.
iii. Possibilty
Possibilty is indicated by the auxiliary maðð and its past form maððde.
a. The present. Present possibility is indicated by combining the auxiliary maðð with the main verb.

Gæmmrich maðð jweem = Henry may come.
Gæmmrich maðð jweement = Henry may be coming.
Gæmmrich maðð jweemde = Henry may have come.
Gæmmrich maðð jweemn = Henry may have been coming
a. The past. Past possibility is indicated by combining the auxiliary maððde with the main verb.

Gæmmrich maððde jweem = Henry might come.
Gæmmrich maððde jweement = Henry might be coming.
Gæmmrich maððde jweemde = Henry might have come.
Gæmmrich maððde jweemn = Henry might have been coming
iv. Permission
Permission is indicated by the auxiliary magge and its past form maggde.
a. The present. Present permission is indicated by combining the auxiliary verb magge with the main verb.

Gæmmrich magge jweem. = Henry may come.
Gæmmrich magge jweement. = Henry may be coming.
Gæmmrich magge jweemde. = Henry may have come.
Gæmmrich magge jweemn. = Henry may have been coming.
b. The past. Past permission is indicated by combining the auxiliary verb maggde with the main verb.

Gæmmrich maggde jweem. = Henry might come.
Gæmmrich maggde jweement. = Henry might be coming.
Gæmmrich maggde jweemde. = Henry might have come.
Gæmmrich maggde jweemn. = Henry might have been coming.
v. Requirement
Requirement is indicated by the auxiliary mooz and its past form möst.
a. The present. Present requirement is indicated by combining the auxiliary verb mooz with the main verb.

Gæmmrich mooz jweem. = Henry must come.
Gæmmrich mooz jweement. = Henry must be coming.
Gæmmrich mooz jweemde. = Henry must have come.
Gæmmrich mooz jweemn. = Henry must have been coming.
b. The past. Past requirement is indicated by combining the auxiliary verb möst with the main verb. Gæmmrich möst jweem = Henry must come.
Gæmmrich möst jweement = Henry must be coming.
Gæmmrich möst jweemde = Henry must have come.
Gæmmrich möst jweemn = Henry must have been coming.
vi. Obligation
Obligation is indicated by the auxiliary ædde and its past form æddte.
a. The present. Present obligation is indicated by combining the auxiliary verb ædde with the main verb.

Gæmmrich ædde jweem. = Henry ought to come.
Gæmmrich ædde jweement. = Henry ought to be coming.
Gæmmrich ædde jweemde. = Henry ought to have come.
Gæmmrich ædde jweemn. = Henry ought to have been coming.
b. The past. Past obligation is indicated by combining the auxiliary verb æddte with the main verb.

Gæmmrich æddte jweem. = Henry ought to come.
Gæmmrich æddte jweement. = Henry ought to be coming.
Gæmmrich æddte jweemde. = Henry ought to have come.
Gæmmrich æddte jweemn. = Henry ought to have been coming.

4. The Imperative Mood

The imperative mood is used to make a command or a request. It is the only case in Adelic that an auxiliary is not used alongside the main verb to create a verb phrase. The imperative verb is formed using the simple aspect of the main verb alone.

Jweem giir! = Come here!
Kange nü! = Go now!
Ðælle më. = Tell me.

5. The Infinitive Verb

The infinitive is a special form of a verb that can be used as other parts of speech. The word ðo plus the simple aspect of the verb forms the infinitive.

ðo æsk = to ask

6. The Irregular Verb ðo pwï

The verb ðo pwï is the only verb in all of Adelic that shows irregularity. Its forms follow identical patterns to all other verbs in the language, except in the indicative mood. In the present and past indicative two entirely different root words are used for the main verb. The root iss takes the place of pwï in the present tense aspects of the verb, while the root vozz is used in the past tense aspects.

Infinitive - ðo pwï

Present Simple - iss
Present Progressive - issent
Present Perfect - ist
Present Perfect-progressive - issn

Past Simple - vozz
Past Progressive - vozzent
Past Perfect - vost
Past Perfect-progressive - vozzn

Conditional Simple - pwï
Conditional Progressive - pwiyent
Conditional Perfect - pwiid
Conditional Perfect-progressive - pwiin

Top of Page
To Lesson V: Pronouns
Return to Table of Contents

Introduction | Grammar | Dictionary | Examples | Runes

What's New | Rate this Page | Author's Home Page | Email