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V. Pronouns



Nouns may be replaced in some sentences and phrases by another class of words called pronouns. A pronoun usually refers back to a noun that has been identified in previous context. Pronouns functioning this way, unlike nouns, do not require determiners, with the exception of the reflexive pronoun selpe. Some pronouns may also be used as adjectives in limiting nouns; these are called pronominal adjectives, and are discussed below in the section on adjectives. There are seven different categories of pronouns in Adelic.


1. Personal Pronouns

There are eight personal pronouns, each with a separate form for subject or object.

1st person singular  ech, më  I, me
2nd person singular  dü, dech  you
3rd person singular    
Masculine  gï, gimme  he, him
Feminine  skä, giir  she, her
Neuter  izz, gizz  it
1st person plural  viiz, unz  we, us
2nd person plural  gü, yyw  you
3rd person plural  dai, dæmme  they, them



2. Possessive Pronouns

There are also eight possessive pronouns, but with only one form each.

1st person singular  miin  mine
2nd person singular  duurn  yours
3rd person singular    
Masculine  gimmn  his
Feminine  giirn  hers
Neuter  gizzn  its
1st person plural  unzrn  ours
2nd person plural  yyrn  yours
3rd person plural  dærrn  theirs



3. Demonstrative Pronouns

A demonstrative pronoun points out something and relates its proximity to the speaker. The three demonstrative pronouns have singular and plural forms.

Here  daas, daasr  this, these
Near  daaz, daazr  that, those
Distant  gænne, gænnr  yon, yonder



4. Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are used in asking questions. There are five in Adelic.

Personal  gwä, gwaam  who, whom
Possessive  gwaas  whose
Definite  gwaaz  what
Indefinite  gwalke  which



5. Relative Pronouns

Relative pronouns introduce subordinate clauses. There are four relative pronouns in Adelic.

Personal  gwä  who
Definite  daaz  that
Indefinite  gwalke  which
Common  gwaaz  what


6. Indefinite Pronouns

An indefinite pronoun is peculiar in that it does not refer back to any particular person or thing. There are several in Adelic, all of them the same in the subject or the object.
alln, ælch, ængen, etc.


7. Reflexive Pronoun selpe

The reflexive pronoun selpe always refers back to the subject, and is expressed in either the direct object or indirect object. It always agrees with the subject's identity.
Se gwunde teed jratte de selpe. = The dog scratched itself.
Se jween tä vaazent selpet de parne. = The woman is dressing the child herself.
Summe kummn mooz dänch selpen. = A man must think (for) himself.
Ævr alðer mooz röch ænge selper. = Adults must look after themselves.



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