This experimental is paramount to the credibility of this work.
Notes:-
The following discussion involves chemical reactions and
measurements.
Setup: As per discussion in Chapter 10.
This basic observational experiment requiring minimal set-up, supervision or observation. The experiment should be initially performed with commercially available distilled water, to test the procedure and the quality of the distilled water. Higher levels of water purity may be required owing to the presence of dissolved atmospheric gasses. Better than 99.999999% pure or distilled water must be the medium of choice. As many Copper Oxides, hydroxides and hydrides are insoluble, Copper electrodes are to be used. To overcome any difference in the Copper composition and electronegativity, both electrodes must be formed from the same section of cable, equalizing the risk of cross-metallic-contamination (ie.Iron, Chromium, Cadmium, Zinc etc. which cable manufacturers may have added into the metal). To prevent damage to the strands of Copper in the cable, wire strippers must not be used.
Chemical element properties at the ideal situation:-
First ionization enthalpy at 25°C:
Electronegativity
Electrochemical series
Initial measurements:
Electrolysis voltage (12 V 200mA power pack) = 12 V DC
under normal load, smoothed at 200-400 mA, having an air voltage
of 16 to 18 V. Without load, the measured air voltage is 16.1
Volts.
Bath resistance 48M
Gap separation 2.5 --to--> 3cm
Electrode separation from closest to most distant exposed
point: 4.8 to 5.2 cm.
Ammeter by-pass resistance 1,000 ± 5% .
Medium:- popular brand name distilled water.
Cable: 8 Amp multi-strand twin core copper cable (common
light duty power cable).
Expected duration: 100 --to--> 200 hours!
Setup Notes:
Bubbles noted in prepared bottles: 1 mm dia. bubble in + ve
bottle.
The following shows some of the observation. The data collected
graphed and recorded in the following order.
time,
current,
voltage,
rf freq. in KHz,
idle remarks and descriptive observations that could be important.
The following notes were taken:
@ 10* minutes
@ 1* hour
@ 3* hours
@ 4* hours
@ 5* hours
@ 12 hours
@ 18* hours
@ 24 hours
(An aside: At this point of time many chemists will have concluded that Chemistry is right, for the electrolysis is seemingly not working and not possible in distilled water. Expedience is not the answer, nor is it the solution, for the question that must be asked at this moment is blatantly obvious, that being "Since only a small quantity of Hydrogen is liberated, where is the Oxygen going?" Nature is about to deposit so many answer to so many unknown questions, that one will not realise which question Nature is answering. Things are starting to happen. The colour of the bath will begin to change within the next 36-48 hours. The tiny Hydrogen bubble is yelling out "don't turn me off just yet.")
Although experimentally wrong, lightly tapping the glass bowl or the bench-top from the point that the initial precipitates are seen will serve to compact the precipitates, as well as liberate Hydrogen from the negative electrode, reducing the effect of Hydrogen polarisation. The tapping must be gentle and infrequent. All radio frequency measurements should be made after the rf counter has settled down and at least three minutes after switching on or tapping the bowl.
At this stage, the Hydrogen bubbles are extremely tiny, requiring good lighting and good eye-sight to be seen. Shine the light from the torch through the negative bottle at right angles to the line of sight, whereupon small star-like-pin-point-bubbles of Hydrogen should be seen rising from the negative electrode.
The first critical point in the 3 cm separation phase has begun, for here it will be seen that very light blue deposits firmly establish themselves over the bridges and around the base of the negative bottle. These are pressure differential alluvial deposits that appear building an elliptical dune structure around the lip of the up-turned negative bottle. The steep vertical wall of the dune (the windward side) in and immediately under the lip of the bottle, facing the negative electrode. The radio frequency will suffer from glitches, sudden and distinct frequency jumps from around 5 KHz to 40 KHz. This will definitely present an illusion of quantization levels, where new reactions take hold at particular molecular concentrations, the molecules in solution produce dramatic and sudden changes to the inter-molecular alignment of the water and the Copper molecules. Each time this occurs a different process is apparently taking place, such as the formation of another molecule whose appearance is dependent on a specific molecular concentration.
Almost 42 hours into the experiment and the previously noted precipitates, a very pale blue precipitate and an aqua precipitate appear to travel completely around the -ve bottle, like a fine white veil that with time tends to a rich aqua colour. This deposit is circular to elliptical in shape and surrounds the -ve bottle. The point of the deposition zone depends on the closeness of the electrodes and the available supply voltage. The closer the electrodes or the greater the voltage, the greater the diameter of the precipitate ring. In this case, the ring is 5 mm from the base of the bottle, which, due to the wedge shaped gap, forms an off-centred ellipse. The closest point being where the wedge closes.
This proximity to the electrode to this sealed zone will produce other effects once the gap seals itself up with deposits. There are actually two deposits occurring in this ring, so be careful of the observation illusion that this will cause. As the deposit's thickness increases, the aqua deposits will be seen to cover the pale blue (almost white) precipitate. With greater precipitation, this ring will form a round dune structure, with a sharp vertical leading edge and a gently sloping lee side which spreads outward around the bottle.
Still, no Oxygen gas has been released in the +ve bottle.
The pale blue lip ring is growing in size. The bath is taking on a light bluish tinge, becoming less clear.though the surface seems clear. Under the lip of the - ve bottle, a second light blue ring is appearing. There are two precipitates, pale blue from both bottles and an aqua from the - ve bottle. The direction is identified by the forming beach deposits over the first insulator. At the back of the - ve bottle, is a distortion in the oval blowing the aqua deposits away from the bottle. Watch this zone!
The Hydrogen bubble has broken free of the -ve bottle's top ( 5 mL). There are no deposits inside either bottle. The aqua deposits are the same colour as those deposits seen growing in the ice experiment.
Sixty hours into the experiment, the + ve electrode is losing its metallic lustre to a definite rust-brown colour. If at this point the experiment was stopped, feel the electrodes. They will be very different. Both electrodes are being chemically altered. A yellow stain will be left on the fingers from the + ve electrode while the - ve electrode, although it appears pristine, feels rough, springy and brittle, leaving a blackish greasy stain on the fingers.
In the 4 and 5 cm bottle separations, the dark Copper oxide (CuO) is also deposited on the inside surface of the negative bottle, at heights above the electrode showing a molecular spraying effect. The molecular spray is limited to a vertical height depending on the voltage source and the electrode separation.
@ 72 hours
The water is a transparent blue colour. A faint second pale whispery ring is noted at 8mm from the + ve bottle, forming a similar oval shape to the -ve bottle and is distorted before striking the + ve plume.
@ 73* hours
Although the bath appears slightly murky, apart from the new volume of the
Hydrogen bubble (8.5 mL) nothing seems to
have changed. There is still no Oxygen in
the + ve bottle. At this moment there
seems to be four distinct precipitates,
The +ve electrode is rust brown in colour, while the -ve appears pristine. The air bubble in the +ve bottle now measures 0.5 mm.
For instance,to reveal the rich deep blue crystal form of Copper Nitrate [ Cu(NO3)2:3H2O] is a rather complex chain of reactions. Nitrogen does react with Hydrogen, so the NH3 produced can react with Copper to form Cu ( NH3)2 and Cu(NH2)4.
@ 340 hours
470
mA 13.5V 44.2 ± 0.5 KHz
@ 360 hours
450
mA 13.5V 38.8 ± 0.5 KHz
@ 380 hours
430
mA 13.4V 100 ± 11.8 KHz
The radio frequency measurements have become erratic, spanning an enormous frequency range (45 ± 10 KHz) from the 72 hour mark, but this proves to be a short-lived affair, suddenly dropping to 15 KHz. Still, there is no Oxygen liberated, though very faint precipitates are forming around the positive bottle, like as a fine mist. Parallel beaches may be noted on both sides of the insulator strips. From fluid dynamics, deposits will be seen to be coming from each bottle. On the lee side of the negative bottle, the circumference of the aqua precipitate is changing to a red-brown oxide, and this in turn is being buried by a rich blue precipitate. It is obvious at this point that there are in fact three distinct precipitates surrounding and sealing the direct path to the negative bottle. From the bottle to the collision zone, the precipitates are seen as a rich light blue, then aqua turning brown, and a very light blue. The gap around the negative bottle is totally sealed due to the mass of blue precipitate, which now acts as an "ion-bridge".
As the 100 hour mark is crossed, the blue zone is taking on a brown tinge, flowing outward in all directions around the negative bottle, rolling above the pale blue precipitates. The aqua precipitates have been buried as the brown precipitate grows around the boundary between the pale blue and rich blue precipitates, demonstrating an effective secondary point of electrolysis between the sealed negative bottle and the collision zone. The explanation of this observation defies the classic "ion-bridge" theory, for what remained invisible with normal ion-bridges, becomes more visible when reactions are allowed to occur. Electrons are transfered by magnetic pressure and pushed from the molecules in solution to move through the precipitates from the sealed bottle out and into the collision zone.
The altered magnetic field of the outer precipitates draws attractive molecules to them, whereupon chemical bonds form and the electrons migrate into the bath. The precipitates around the negative bottle are flowing like a heavy treacle with a convex leading edge, forced from the negative terminal's pressure front. The radio frequency is maintaining a frequency range around 18 ± 2 KHz. The beaches running parallel to the insulators on both sides, are more like sand dunes with gentle sloping lee surfaces. The veil like mist coming from the positive bottle is showing little change.
The one hundred and fortieth forth hour is marked by a new structure around the negative bottle, where the deposits appear as four concentric rings, a brown at the bottle, then blue, another brown and finally the pale blue rim which is rapidly climbing over the first beach maker. Although the radio frequencies have again increased, measuring 18 ± 4 KHz, the voltage is climbing towards the initial air measurement, suggesting that the reactions are ceasing. There is now 60 mL of Hydrogen gas in the negative bottle. All the Oxygen is frozen in the precipitates covering the bottom of the bath. The negative electrode is pristine, a rich bright copper colour with a metallic lustre, while the positive electrode is a dirty rust-brown and is beginning to fall apart.
With this experimental phase so near to completion, with the reactions obviously failing, the precipitates around the negative bottle at the 156 hour have changed once again. There are now just two colours, the dark brown surrounded by a fine pale ring, even though the first insulator is covered. The positive electrode is rapidly breaking apart. At this moment, or at completion of the phase, very carefully rock or wobble the positive and negative bottles from side to side. The purpose of this is to note what happens to the scum floating on the surface. Around the negative bottle, no difference are noted, however, the scum around the positive bottle fractures like ice. This is a floating crystalline precipitate. More than likely, this gentle wobble will be enough to cause the final disintegration of the positive electrode.
Since the Copper molecules are heavier than water, once the experiment is
terminated, all the milky blue molecules begin to fall from the solution and precipitate on
the bottom during the next several days, leaving what appears to be a very clear
liquid. The resistance of this "water" remains low when directly tested with the
Ohm meter's normal probes (less than 50 K
between the bottles) indicating the presence of either Copper contamination
or a conductive alignment of water. For such a small quantity of Copper attacked,
there is a great volume of precipitates.
Most of the surface precipitates will change to a dark brown colour even though the power is turned off due to oxidation. Around the negative bottle, two specific precipitates will be noted, the outer pale blue ring and the inner dark brown seal. The positive bottle is surrounded by thin streamers of the pale blue precipitate. Inside the positive bottle there is a yellow stain, as compared to the sprayed dark brown deposits coating the lower section inside the negative bottle. After drying the electrodes, weigh each again. The negative electrode remains unchanged, while the positive electrode has lost more mass than expected. Removal of the plastic insulation will show how far into the cable the reactions have travelled. It should be about 3 mm into the cable under the insulation.
With a long wooden or glass skewer, gently push the point into the rich brown deposits that surround the negative bottle. Drag this across the bottom so that it creates a trough in the sediments, virtually a furrow exposing the sediments layer by layer. The similarity between this and a sedimentary rock is uncanny, for layer upon layer, there are alternate bands of pale blue, light blue and brown deposits.
Carefully lift and cap of the positive bottle under the water level, being careful not to stir-up the sediments. Carefully lift and cap the Hydrogen filled bottle . Examine the negative electrode. Although pristine, it is covered in very loose blackish Copper oxide. Removal of the negative insulation shows no difference in each strand's physical size. After normal electrolysis, a hand held magnifier reveals are marked step increase in the wire's thickness.
In every case, do not throw out the contaminated waste water that remains in the tank. Please transfer the water into other containers, letting the water evaporate. Very hard brown spherical nodules grow in the evaporation trays, which can be recycled back into Copper.
Type 2. Re-do the experiment twice at the 3 and 5 cm separation, replacing the insulated beach makers with a clean, 1 cm diameter disc magnet. Deposition of precipitates will not occur near the magnet. A red-brown crystalline web of Copper oxide may grow from the negative bottle to the positive bottle, seeking out an electric field path. This is quite an amazing variation on the experiment for the observations pose another few hundred answers to obvious questions concerning the principles of magnetic chemical bonds.
Type 3. Rather than monitoring the voltage, during one or two phases of the experiment, connect the meter in series between the power supply and the apparatus, to measure the amps flowing into the bath. When graphed, the results are quite extraordinary. From the moment the power is applied, to the point where the high resistance and lack of a positive electrode causes the experiment to conclude, electrons flow. But the distilled water had a measured resistance greater than 30 million ohms. If electrolysis does not occur in distilled water, what process causes this effect?
Type 4. If the meter has a radio-frequency of KHz counter built-in, connect the meter's negative terminal to the apparatus' negative terminal and move the positive meter line as an aerial, around and above the apparatus while the designed-to-fail electrolysis is working. Try not to disturb the apparatus. Radio frequencies will be detected (throughout the experiment ranging from 2 to 80 KHz), so turn the power to the apparatus "off" and then back "on" to confirm the fact that radio frequencies are emanating from the apparatus. Initially it will be seen that something is definitely happening in the distilled water bath. All quoted frequencies are measured at a position 3 cm immediately above the positive bottle, as an average frequency measured during normal observational periods, since the counter will present a range of frequencies during observation time intervals.
The negative electrode polarises with the presence of Hydrogen. Disturbing the Hydrogen by lightly tapping the tank causes the frequency to drop then increases. Within 40 hours, the reactions establish as the concentration of molecules in solution reaches saturation. Over the duration of the experiment, several jumps in the average frequency will take place, as different reactions come into play. This is an illusion of quantum steps, when changes in the mechanisms and processes occur. With each increase in frequency, there is an increase in current flow with an apparent drop in the supply voltage. All these effects can be monitored and recorded. Ask the question "why do electrolysis events liberate radio frequencies?" Try measuring the radio frequencies emanating from common re-chargeable batteries, lead-acid or alkaline, and surprise, surprise, the same effect is found. The radio frequency can identify "dead-cells" in a battery.
As different reaction cycles and paths change, so does the frequency. The higher the frequency, the more reactions taking place. Once the negative bottle seals, the reaction rate increases dramatically, illustrating that there are three or four times as many chemical reactions associated with the oxide bridge (not an ion bridge?) than the direct path.
Type 5. Remove the insulator bridges, all obstructions, all magnets and perform the cm separation experiment as the primary control.
ALREADY DRAWING CONCLUSIONS ?
Now , what did Einstein say about the scientific method "it takes one experiment.."? (refer to page 2). Many chemistry educators state the line "... till something better comes along."
To some, this designed-to-fail experiment will be seen as explorative research, when it actually shares a dual position in the scientific method. As conventional Chemistry stands, this is a causal research experiment, because it challenges the validity of the presently accepted electrochemical theory, the very foundation stone of Theoretical Chemistry. Nature works because the processes taking place are simple at the process level, at the atomic level, one step at a time. Only the magnitude of many simultaneous reactions introduces complexity.
This experiment is far too simple to yield a single conclusion, for the problems are not linear or two dimensional in Nature, nor are they sophisticated to the point of needing faith to believe in the teachings of the educators. A series of three dimensional answers were observed in this experiment, answers to far too many questions that no-one has yet thought of. It is doubtful that many would have even contemplated some of the questions or to have sought to determine such answers from any one experiment.
This negative approach is due in part to the techniques used by educators to maintain the fabric of conventional Chemistry. To begin any analysis, one must ask many linear questions in order to determine and understand the questions that Nature is answering. Geologically, it is easy to show that the egg came well before the chicken, however in this case, one must forget conventional Chemistry and start afresh from the spherical periodic table. It is necessary to think at the atomic level, contemplating every question including the three dimensional magnetic shape of matter, (something that has not even been fully discussed.) Each question must target a certain process or a mechanism and then some questions will over-lap.
Begin by listing every possible chemical reaction, even the most obscure, ones that could be occurring at the process level, no matter how abstract, before asking for an answer from the experiment. Then one must ask of the experiment, what reactions are actually occurring? After that, comes a series of questions that need answers:
As the experiment performed so well, the challenge has been successful, since the previous model of electrochemical theory, the currently accepted chemical model, the very foundations of modern Chemistry have failed, then the experiment reverts to explorative research in seeking out a new foundation on which to build Nature's Chemistry. The invalid parts of the current chemical model must be abandoned, written-off and scrapped, to be immediately replaced by a theory that does work.
Firstly, using conventional electro-chemical theory, attempt to explain the experiment in full! Do not use "uncertainty" as a valid argument, for uncertainty is not valid! Second, using the mechanical atomic theory explain the experiment in full. There will be only one explanation for "all" and that will be seen as the most probable explanation; an explanation that will defy every attempt to topple it. If the magnetic concept of matter is correct, then as Nature has posed so many answers, all attempt to ask the above questions must return the same answers that Nature gave. This could be likened to looking up the answers in the back of the mathematics book, but not having the questions. That section of the book was sealed. However, the procedure to determine the answer is somewhat explained and understood. Now, each answer demands filling in both the question and the "workings", giving a full and complete explanation. Here it is necessary to go back to the very basics, contemplating and scrapping every failed atomic model, including one's pet notions about the atom, to explain the events in three dimensional space. Every question must be asked at, and resolved at, the atomic level. There can be no exceptions and no scientific mysteries. The only model of the atom that can successfully work here is Nature's atom. The new model must be predictive, guiding others to find unknown pieces of Nature's three dimensional puzzle.
At this precise moment one can state with confidence "Welcome to explorative research." But be very careful, for at this point in the research methodology, there is still a very high probability for error. Jumping to conclusions too early can lead to a scientific disaster, sending Chemistry into a death spiral. This must be a win-win situation. As major knowledge virus has been identified and isolated. It is important that one virus not be replaced by a more destructive virus.The real winner (in the long term) will be Chemistry, for this one atomic structure will be able to stand the test of time. The first test is to explain the observations made during the designed-to-fail experiment. The second test is to explain the exceptions found throughout Chemistry.
To begin any explanation of the observed events, it is necessary to identify each of the energy-forms involved. But what is an energy-form? It is naive to use the terms "Kinetic" and "Potential" in this situation, for the experiment shows activity through electrical, chemical, mechanical, magnetic and positional energies. These energy types are exerted through specific energy-forms, each affecting matter through different processes and mechanisms to different degrees, each depending on the available energy and matter for that energy-form.
An energy-form is the means of propagating energy, arising from an event in matter, to affect and cause effects in other matter. All matter affects changes in the surrounding matter when an energy-form alters the alignment, position or state of rest or motion of the original matter. There are numerous energy forms resulting from variations in the shape, position, direction and alignment of the atomic magnetic field. Depending on the availability of energy, the energy-form influences matter through specific processes causing changes in position, alignment and properties of matter (this may be seen as physical motion, heating, light, rf emission etc.), while other energy-forms change the physical or chemical properties of the affected matter through physical and chemical means. Each energy-form has physical limitations where the mechanism or the processes work efficiently. Subsequently, there is an upper and lower limit to the energy-form depending on the properties and proximity of other matter.
In the Experiment, an electron pump supplies electrons to one electrode and removes electrons from the other, altering the magnetic field structure of the atoms in both conductors, causing them to exhibit a completely different alignment to the water molecules, perhaps weakening the molecular bonds between neighbouring Copper atoms. The changed magnetic field attacks the water molecules in different ways, causing the water to align as an acid at one electrode and as a base, an alkali at the other electrode.
The Oxygen molecule is attracted to the negative Copper electrode with such force that the Oxygen atom presses a solitary Hydrogen atom out of the water molecule, forming a chemical magnetic bond with the Copper atom. In this explanation round brackets refer to the addition of an electron from the pump { Cu } while square brackets [ Cu ] refer to losing an electron to the pump. Formulae existing without brackets have no charge. A colon refers to the molecule existing "in-solution", such as illustrated with the two initial terminal reactions:
At the negative terminal
H2O + {Cu} --> H2O : {Cu:OH}+ {H}
H2O + {CuOH } --> H2O : {Cu(OH)2} + {H}
Cu(OH)2 + {Cu} --> H2O : {CuOH}
CuOH + {Cu} --> H2O : {Cu2O} + {H]} --> CuO2
CuOH + OH --> H2O + CuO
{H} + {H} --> {H2}
At the positive terminal
H2O + [Cu] --> [CuH] + [OH]: H2O
[OH]:H2 O + [Cu] --> [CuOH]:H2O
2 H2O + [Cu] --> [H:CuOH]:H2O
H:CuOH:H2O + [Cu] --> [CuOH] : H2O + [CuH] : H2O
CuH + H2O + [Cu] --> [Cu2H2] : H2O + [O]
O + Cu --> CuO
O + CuO --> CuO2
The liberated Hydrogen atom is dumped at the negative terminal. The positive terminal is attacked by both a base and an acid losing two Copper atoms in forming three specific molecules. These charged molecules are repelled away from the electrodes by the altered magnetic states and are literally sprayed at angles perpendicular to the electrode, to be replaced by other water molecules vying to the attraction of the Copper electrode.
Once the concentration of molecules in the bath has reached a certain level, molecules of CuOH will find their way back to the electrodes resulting in the secondary reactions.
SECONDARY REACTIONS
At the negative terminal
H2O + CuOH + {Cu} --> H2O:{Cu2O} + {H]}
CuOH + {Cu} --> Cu(OH)2:H2O + { Cu
}
[CuOH] : H2 O + {Cu} --> {CuO}:H2O + {H]} + { Cu }
H2O + CuOH + {Cu} --> H2O :{Cu2O2} + {H]}
Cu(OH)2+{Cu} --> 2CuOH
At the positive terminal
H2O : [CuOH] + [Cu] --> [CuO]:H2O + CuH:H2O
{CuOH}:H2O + [Cu] --> [Cu2OH ]:H2O
{O}:2H2O + [Cu] --> [CuO] : H2O + H2O
[CuO]:H2O + [Cu] --> [Cu2O]:H2O
[CuH]:H2O + [Cu] --> Cu2H:H2O
The proof to dispense the "ions-in-solution" concept is the fact that molecules are deposited at precise locations, as beaches and spray deposits. If there are Copper ions in solution (Cu+) and (Cu2+) , (Cu-) and (Cu2-) then, there is no reason for the marked separation of precipitates or the shapes of the beach deposits. The same can be said for the ions of water (H-) , (OH-) ,(O2-) ,(OH+) and (H+). A Geiger counter will not reveal the presence of any (H+) protons ejected from the bath.
Immediately, this series of equations identifies the disparity between the volumes of Copper molecules in solution pumped from each bottle, and the lack of precipitates found around the positive bottle. The keys to this problem will be seen as the plume behind the negative bottle, the plume coming from the positive bottle and the position of the scum. There is a massive draft blowing from the positive bottle. Even though Oxygen was apparently not liberated by the positive electrode, it was released and was literally blown from the electrode and carried in solution through the gap into the collision zone. The water around the electrode inside the bottle is violently agitated by the molecular activity and the Oxygen is held in solution for the time being. Due to the rapid flow rate, the major collision zone is pushed to the immediate region surrounding the negative bottle, where the majority of the oxides and hydroxides are seen to be dumped. After the negative gap seals, the dissolved Oxygen causes a secondary reaction where the aqua coloured anhydrous Copper oxide, the cupric oxide CuO:H2O ( sometimes written as Cu H2O2 ) is converted into an insoluble heavy dark-brown powder.
Although most acids dissolve Cupric oxide, it is considered as insoluble in water, it will be carried by water when the molecule carries a charge. When left to evaporates, the pale blue hydroxide in the water bath is attacked by the enormous quantity of dissolved Oxygen, oxidizing as it establishes brown Cupric Oxide nodules.
The other key to this pumping action is the region where the scum forms on the surface, for it accumulates in those zones of least surface activity, around and behind the positive bottle, forming such a thick hard layer that as the bath evaporates, not only does the layer adhere to the walls, but it cracks like ice as it is pulled away from the positive bottle. This ice like cracking is not seen around the negative bottle when distilled water is used, because the fluid motion is too great too support the scum at this limited current. With normal water products, the scum rapidly covers the entire surface.
One can replicate the precipitate structures using a large flat dish, a running water supply, some sand and a container with similar barrier positions to those established in the apparatus.
At the negative electrode, water's Hydrogen atoms are pulled towards the electrode to release Hydrogen. The culprit is not Hydrogen; rather it is the powerful coterie gap fields of the Oxygen atom. This effect is immediate in distilled water. The force of attraction of negative Copper to the Oxygen is so great, that one Hydrogen atom is pressed and is forced out of the Oxygen's gap, causing the Oxygen to restructure and link with the Copper atom, effectively dumping one Hydrogen atom, forming CuOH. This molecule has an extra electron, so its magnetic field is so severely altered, that the force of repulsion tears it away from the Copper electrode, as it clings to a water molecule. With sufficient concentration of CuOH in the water, it can be attack a neutrally charged water molecule dumping Hydrogen to form Cu(OH)2.
Then again, the neutral CuOH attacks the electrode, dumping more Hydrogen and Copper, to be sprayed away as CuO and Cu2O. The Hydrogen atom is fiercely magnetic due to the addition of another electron. s smash together forming Hydrogen strings that polarise the electrode and slow the reaction. The presence of Water and the trap mechanism work in forming Cu2H and CuO2. The double trap forms Cu2H2 and Cu2O2. Altered magnetic states alters the atomic properties, so impossible molecules are going to form even though they may be short lived. Each of the molecules concerned links with normal water molecules, as whole molecules and change their structures and that of the water in the vicinity of the electrode. All these molecules that are negatively 'charged' are magnetically altered.
At the positive terminal, the power source is pulling electrons from the Copper atoms, making the water molecules show their Base nature as being strongly alkaline. The chemical reactions are basically the same, however this time the Oxygen should be dumped, but it is not. Rather both the Hydrogen and Oxygen from the water molecule react with the Copper through pressure to form molecules without without dumping any Oxygen. Simply put, Oxygen is liberated, but it is deposited as oxides on the bottom. Formed are positively 'charged' molecules, CuOH, CuH, Cu2H, Cu2H2, CuO, Cu2O, CuO2 and Cu2O2.
Copper is also being ripped from this electrode, however, not all that many Copper oxides and hydroxides are water soluble, so only a few will be transported by the water to the negative electrode. Neutral molecules will also be attracted to the electrodes, and will create a high back pressure that adds to the effect of blowing molecules around the bath. This experiment is illustrating the fact that 'electric fields', that is molecular fields do occur in water. the positive electrode, whereupon the base arrangement of the water molecule presses a Copper atom into each hole where a Copper atom has been stolen. Not so fortunate is the negative electrode, for the alignment of the acid water prevents Copper being deposited.
The force of magnetic repulsion and alignment so great around the electrode that a molecular flow begins, yet this flow of molecules from the electrode is constricted by the wedge shaped gap, forcing the molecules to pass through a restriction, and a collision zone where they must negotiate the pressure change, flow speed reduction and hydrodynamic currents, therefore depositing the bootie on the insulator bridges.
As there is a back-pressure caused by the environment, other molecules are pushed towards the electrodes, other dissolved molecules, such as atmospheric Nitrogen ans Carbon dioxide. So much activity is occurring in this region, especially at the base of each spice bottle that precipitates may not be deposited until the flow speed decreases. Many deposited molecules will be literally pick-up and swept away, blown further into the collision zone where the changing molecular speed causes almost immediate deposition of these insoluble Copper oxides.
Much later, as the bath is evaporated, all the other Copper oxides unite with atmospheric Oxygen to form hard Cu2O nodules, a non-specific crystal shape due to the molecular incompatibility with water.
The designed-to-fail experiment worked magnificently, but in working failed Chemistry and chemical theory, proving them to be preternatural. The accepted theory, chemical Laws and beliefs are all in conflict with Nature, because the foundation of Modern Chemistry is built on a notion that is without truth. It is a foundation built on an observational illusion, on an indicator. As the indicator is used, without justification, gross exceptions to chemical theory exist.
---------- End Of Appendix 4 ---------
