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Mt. Kanlaon, Its Myths and Wildlife, Painting by Masaste
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Table of Contents:
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Mt. Kanlaon Natural Park Management Plan June, 2008 (official management board document with information on the profile of the protected area and the management plan of the park)
II. INTRODUCTION III. PROFILE OF THE PROTECTED AREA. A. Historical Context and Rationale for Protected Area Establishment B. Regional and Local Development Context C. Physical Features: Location, Geology, Soils, Topography, Hydrology, Climate, Hazards D. Biological Features: Habitats and ecosystem; E. Social, Economic and Cultural Profile: 1. Population, demographics, and migration patterns; 2. Indigenous groups’ cultural profile; 3. Land use, ownership and tenure; 4. Resource use practices; 5. Poverty levels; 6. Social indicators; G. Current and Proposed Programs and Projects in MKNP H. Current PA Management Structure and Capabilities for Management I. Major Management and Development Issues and Concerns
IV. MANAGEMENT PLAN . . . . A. Vision, Missions, Goals, and Objectives B. Strategies: 1. Management zoning; 2. Integrated protection, rehabilitation and monitoring; 3. Research and documentations; 4. Community-based resource management; 5.Establishment of non-destructive livelihood alternatives; 6.Information, education and communication; 7. Human resource development; 8. Sustainable resource generation & mobilization; 9. Institutionalization of PA administration & networking; 10. Disaster management 1. Biodiversity conservation and environmental restoration, preservation of landscape, unique habitats and species and cultural characteristics; 2. Economic and social programs; 3. Management structures, capacity, and participation; 4. Disaster Management; E. Management Standards and Guidelines
V.PROPOSED MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT VII. BUDGET AND FINANCING PLAN VIII. MONITORING PLAN . . . . A. Monitoring System, B. Evaluation System IX. REFERENCES
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(Note: This Management Plan was approved prior to the passage of RA 9154, declaring Mt. Kanlaon a Natural Park and authorizing PNOC-EDC to enter into 169 hectares of a so called "buffer zone" for the purpose for geothermal exploration and development. In this 2001 Management Plan, there is no room for PNOC-EDC's geothermal development. The plan is included in full in this website because it is closer to an ideal of how the plan should be. )
Mt. Kanlaon Natural Park
Management Plan: June 2001(Con't)
3.4 Biological Features
1. Habitats and Ecosystems
The associations of plants and animals in the physical features of MKNP make up its unique ecosystem, which is an example of a typical terrestrial ecosystem. Its volcanic and mountainous geology contributed to its wide range of environmental conditions. The presence of a very high peak creates a rain shadow effect on its western side providing a micro climatic variation between its eastern and western portions. This also affects the spatial distribution of plants in the areas and contributes to differences in the flora on both. Different floral communities attract different fauna, contributing further to a greater biodiversity of the park.
Vegetative cover changes with altitudinal range and creates a multi-layered forest canopy. These variations in vegetation determine various types of habitats for fauna and flora in the area. The habitats of MKNP are characterized along attitudinal range and are classified as 1) Lowland Areas, 2) Montane Forests and 3) Mossy Forests.
a. Lowland Areas
The lowland areas are composed of open grassland, cultivated/agricultural areas, parang (open wooded areas) vegetation, river system, patches of secondary growth forests and remnants of primary forest habitats. This habitat, with an estimated area of 13,922 has. is found at 760m.asl to 1,370 m. asl elevation. The biodiversity assessment made last 1998 showed that this habitat exhibits high species endemism.
At the upper elevation, particularly beyond 1,000 meters asl, the vegetation assumes a distinct 2-story canopy layer. The trees are close together that the canopy above forms a continuous mass of foliage. This altitudinal range, representatives of the dipterocarps, such as Tanguili Shorea polysperma, White Lauan Pentacme contorta and Bagtikan Parashorea malaanonan, form the canopy layer of the forests with trees often reaching the height of 36.5 meters forming dense foliage cover.
The second story trees are made up of common species such as Kupang Parkia roxburghii, most of which are only 15-20 meters tall. The undergrowth is densely covered by terrestrial ferns such as Oleandra hurrei and palms like Pinanga species.
This habitat has the following characteristics: relatively high species richness of plants and animals, with several niches due to vertical zonation; high avian endemism; contains several threatened species; have a concentration of plant resource both for wildlife and humans, contains birds and animals often collected/hunted for food and pet trade, have a greater concentration of fruits bats including 2 endangered species and greatly disturbed/experienced forest reduction.
b. Montane Forest
This habitat covers an estimated 8,534.45 hectares and assumes a mid montane type of forest, located in mid elevation areas at approximately 1,370 m.asl to 1,980 m. asl. This area also contains secondary patches and primary forests. Giant trees such as the Malakawayan Podocarpus rhumpii occur as single tree at about 1,650 m. asl and become more abundant and grow in colonies at the higher limits of this elevational range. The canopy is closed and its dominant trees include among others, the Bakawan gubat Carallia brachita and Bayanti Homolanthus sp. The second story is composed of Pandan, tree ferns and shrubs. Ground covers are lichens, mosses and ferns. Epiphytes are climbing pandans, mosses and ferns.
The Characteristics of this habitat are: high mammalian endemism, has greatest over-all plant diversity, land area greatly occupied by trees (with a basal area of 40,314.58 cm/plot), contain certain plant species absent in the lowland, contain plant species not yet identified and also contain endemic birds, some of which are threatened.
c. Mossy Forest
This area covers approximately about 2,030 hectares with vegetation from 1,980 m. asl to 2,340 m.asl. manifestly of the upper montane type of forest. Common in this forest are emergent trees dominated by the gymnosperm Podocarpus sp. And Pandan Pandamus sp. These are usually dwarfed and twisted. The ground cover is very abundant in mosses and ferns. Soil substrate is very loose with thick humus. Also found at 2,350m. asl are ground herbs mostly belonging to the Cyperaceau family (seges) and weeds growing on bare rocks and gravel.
Characteristics of this habitat are: high mammalian endemism, with relatively high plant endemism, several plant species unknown, very distinct vegetation, most plant species are not shared with montane and lowland forest, vegetation is very dense, thick layers of mosses, and abundant ferns and orchids.