The European Timpani HISTORY
OF THE TIMPANI
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A
(BRIEF) HISTORY OF THE TIMPANI : The
timpani in the early orchestras of Bach and Handel were instruments
heavily influenced by the drums used by cavalry timpanists and the those
played by the members of trumpet and timpani guilds. They sizes were
generally no greater than 16”-17”, and the depth of a drum was often
roughly equal to its diameter. As the size (and sound) of the symphony
orchestra grew throughout the second half of the 19th century
– the height of the romantic period – and on into the 20th
century, the sizes of timpani increased accordingly to match this growth.
Edmund Bowles, in his article ‘19th
Century developments in the Timpani’ writes extensively about the
growth of the instrument throughout this period. Since the middle of the
20th century there has been an increasing demand for the
authentic sounds of each musical period, using the correct instruments and
also playing techniques of each period, such as was intended by the
composers of their time. Terms such as “period instruments” and
“historically informed performance” are commonly used when discussing
these trends. The
result for the timpanist has been a move away from larger instruments
which were designed primarily for the modern orchestra - but often used to
play all periods of repertoire - and towards the re-introduction of
smaller, older instruments, with calf skin (or
possibly goat). Ensembles playing baroque music,
for example, would require again the smaller baroque timpani (the largest
timpani used by the timpanist of the Orchestra of the 18th
Century is only 27” in diameter, compared to 32" in a symphony
orchestra). Wood sticks, which since Berlioz carried his sponge-headed
sticks around Europe with him, had been requested only by composers for
special effects[1],
became common again. In many cities and orchestras, Vienna for
example, the old traditions were never abandoned and timpanists continue
to play on the same instruments which have been in their orchestras for
more than a century, instruments which composers such as Mahler and
Richard Strauss had distinctly in mind when writing their “modern”
music. In
the time of Mozart and Beethoven a certain timpani sound – created by a
combination of the drum sizes, the skins used, and the sticks with which
they were played – was known. This sound also came from the need to
balance the sound of the drums with the rest of the orchestra, while still
meeting the demands of each new composition. “Playing
on smaller drums producing a lower level of dynamics provided a better
balance in the smaller-sized baroque and early classical-style
orchestras.”[2]
- Edmund Bowles Not only did the diameters of the drums increase, but so too did the difference in diameter between each drum in a set, a pair of baroque timpani may differ by only 1”, but by the later symphonies of Beethoven this difference had increased to 3”. Partly this was due to the repertoire, as the range of notes required on the timpani increased; in the 8th and 9th symphonies of Beethoven the interval of an octave is required (F-f). Baroque Timpani This
timpani sound changed throughout the early romantic period : as more wind
and brass instruments were added to the orchestra, the size of the string
section increased, and the sizes of the timpani also increased, to
maintain balance with the rest of the ensemble. Composers also asked that
more notes could be played simultaneously, so the regular pair of timpani
became a set of three or maybe four drums, and many designs of machine
timpani, allowing the player to quickly change the note on each drum,
were developed with varying levels of success and failure. The operas of
Wagner and Strauss made further demands, in particular the ability to
alter the pitch of each drum almost instantaneously. This cycle of adding
more instruments to the orchestra, necessitating bigger string sections
and an increase in timpani bowl sizes, again to maintain a balance in the
ensemble sound, continued into the 20th century - by the middle
of this century the basic sizes of the timpani had become more or less
standard. However demands of rapid tuning changes, strange timbral effects
and even the varying performance locations of the orchestra meant that
pedal mechanisms and the choices of skin became more varied and diverse. Dieter
Dyk : ‘Each period has its
own character, and if we want to find out what’s so special about it, we
can take the material conditions as a signpost or guide. Independent from
acoustic conditions.’ In
the following pages I will look at three important aspects of timpani
construction : skins, tuning systems, and kettles. All the timpanists I
spoke with have varying (and sometimes contradictory) opinions about the
drums they use in their orchestras and why they use them. What skins
produce the sound and tone colour they prefer? How does the size and shape
of each drum affect the sound? What are the benefits of using each style
of tuning mechanism? |