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i) Removal of wheat 'leaf' of any degree at flowering caused significant decrease of length of ear, head weight, husk weight, grain number/ear, test weight (1000-seed weight) of seed, dry matter and ultimately grain yield and straw yields of dwarf wheat (UP 262), grown after transplanted kharif rice (IR 36). ii) Removal of 'awn' of dwarf wheat (UP 262), reduced the grain number/ear, test weight (1000-seed weight), length of ear and grain and straw yields of wheat, significantly. iii) Grain yields and yield-components were maximum, when 'leaf' and 'awn' were infact, but minimum when total defoliation of both 'leaf' and 'awn' were maintained. iv) Grain contribution from all leaves in dwarf wheat was 42%. v) Flag leaf of dwarf wheat alone contributed 19% of grain yield. vi) Contribution of awn of awned variety wheat, was 8.6% in grain yield of dwarf wheat (UP 262), after transplanted kharif rice (IR 36). vii) Hence flag leaf and awn were very important in dwarf wheat. viii) More leaf area contributed to more number of tiller before flowering. 2. Das, N. R.; Chatterjee, B. N. and Mukherjee, N. N. (1991). Production economics of wheat after transplanted kharif | ||||
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rice under tillage and fertilizer levels and their after-effects on "wheat-jute-rice" cropping system. National Seminar on Identification of Apropriate Farm Technologies for Rural Development, held at Calcutta, India, Sept. 28-29, 1991. Abstract, 1 : p. 11-13. Abstract Field experiments, on irrigated dwarf wheat under 'wheat-jute-rice' was conducted with tillage and NPK-fertilizer levels, to identify the production economics. The findings were as follows: i) Cost of cultivation of wheat (UP 262) increased with the increase of tillage number, after transplanted kharif rice (IR 36). ii) Maximum net returns were observed with minimal tillage in dwarf wheat after transplanted kharif rice. iii) With the increase of levels of NPK-fertilizer, cost and returns of wheat increased. iv) Gross and net returns of succeeding jute (Basudev) also increased, with the increase of fertilizer rate applied in preceding wheat. v) Transplanted kharif Rice, the third crop, was not positively affected by cumulative effect of NPK-fertilizer, applied to wheat crop in sequence, in respect of economic returns. vi) Improvement of production economics in 'wheat-jute-rice' was due to introduction of jute crop in the sequence. | ||||
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vii) 2 tillages in wheat with 120-60-60 of N, P2O5 and K2O kg/ha under "wheat-jute-rice", gave the maximum benefit in terms of production economics i.e. net returns. 3. Mazumdar, B. and Das, N. R. (1991). Economics of wheat cultivation with tillage and irrigation after kharif rice. National Seminar of Appropriate Technology for Rural Development, held at Calcutta, India, Sept. 28-29, Abstract 2 : 11. Abstract The field experiment was conducted in West Bengal, on wheat after transplanted kharif rice, under 'rice-wheat-jute' sequence, with tillage, irrigation and method of planting in wheat, kharif after transplanted rice, to findout the tillage, irrigation number and rice planting method in wheat. The findings were recorded as follows : i) Wheat (UP 262) grain yield was at par when it was grown both after direct seeded (aus) or transplanted rice (IR 579) during kharif season. ii) Both 2 (minimal) or 4 (conventional) irrigations were equally good for wheat after transplanted kharif rice in "rice-wheat-jute" sequence. iii) Two irrigations with 2 tillages, gave the maximum economic benefit in wheat under "rice-wheat-jute" cropping sequence. iv) Direct seeded (aus) or transplanted rice (aman), did not show any difference in yields of succeeding wheat under "rice-wheat-jute" cropping sequence. | ||||
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v) During kharif season, aus (direct seed) or transplanted rice gave equal yields. 4. Das, N. R. and Sen, S. (1991). Effect of cultural practices, on summer (pre-kharif) groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes, under rainfed condition. Science & Culture, 57(3 & 4) : 91-92. Abstract The field experiment at BCKV, West Bengal was conducted on groundnut with 5 varieties (ICGV 86055, ICGV 86015, ICGV 86124, ICGV 86162 and local check) and 3 planting methods [flat system, earthening up at 20 days after sowing (DAS) and earthening up at 40 DAS], to identify the variety and planting method, under rainfed condition, in pre-kharif season of West Bengal. The findings were as follows : i) All the groundnut varieties (ICGV 86055, ICGV 86015, ICGV 86124, and ICGV 86162) tried, were better than the local check. ii) Either ICGV 86124 or ICGV 86015 was superior to other varieties tried, in respect of pod (fresh) yield, under rainfed condition in pre-kharif season. iii) Maximum pod and haulm yields of groundnut were recorded from variety ICGV 86124, followed by ICGV 86015. iv) Earthening-up of groundnut at 20 DAS, gave more pod yields, over unweeded control (Flat), though earthening up between 20 & 40 DAS, did not show any significant difference in pod yields. | ||||
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v) Weeded plot produced maximum pod yield, over unweeded plots, under rainfed groundnut in pre-kharif (summer) season, as weed infestation was high in unweeded plots. vi) Haulm of groundnut at pre-kharif season was soft and succulent. 5. Das, N. R. and Misra, R. S. (1991). Growth of rainfed summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), as affected by genotypes and sulphur nutrition, Environment & Ecology, 9(3) : 791-792. Abstract The field experiment on groundnut was conducted in West Bengal in summer (pre-kharif) with 5 varieties (ICGV 86055, ICGV 86015, ICGV 860162, ICGV 86124 and local) and 4 sulphur levels (0, 20, 40 & 60 kg S/ha), to identify the proper variety & S-level, under rainfed condition in pre-kharif summer. The findings were recorded as follows : i) ICGV 86124 groundnut variety showed the best performance, on dry matter production and pod/plant, as a short duration (100 days) crop under rainfed condition in pre-kharif season. ii) Sulphur @ 40 kg/ha, increased the pod number and seed weight of groundnut under rainfed conditions in summer. iii) Possibilities of growing short duration (100 days) groundnut (ICGV 86124, before transplanted kharif rice, under rainfed condition in summer of West Bengal were observed. | ||||
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iv) For branch/plant, the groundnut variety ICGV 86015 showed the best performance. v) More green and succulent biomass of groundnut produced in summer (pre-kharif), could be utilized as green manure before transplanted kharif rice. vi) Ratio of haulm and pod was 5 : 1 in groundnut in pre-kharif season of West Bengal. vii) Succulent green biomass of groundnut may also be used as forage for cattle. 6. Das, N. R. (1991). Jute based cropping pattern and economics of jute cultivation. In : Adhikary, M. M. : Reading Materials : Jute Production Technology Seminar, BCKV, Dec. 1991 p. 67-77. Abstract This full article on jute under different cropping systems, in West Bengal, ventilated different positive aspects. These were as follows : i) Olitorius jute cannot withstand water stagnation generally, at earlier stage of growth; whereas capsularis jute can withstand heavy water stagnation in the fields, even upto 3 metres heights. ii) Jute should be grown in the multiple cropping programmes in West Bengal, because (a) it is a cash crop, (b) it grows better in high-hot-humid condition in eastern part of the country, (c) its harvest can be adjusted as it is a bast fibre crop-hence multiple | ||||
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croppings were possible, (d) it required less fertilizer, (e) leaves could be utilized as manures, (f) it excrets growth promoting substance which was helpful for other crops, (g) it helps in soil amelioration and (h) it helps in maintaining soil fertility. iii) Net returns of jute was Rs. 8, 211 under irrigated and Rs. 7641/ha, under un-irrigated condition and benefit cost ratio was 1.62 and 1.80 in irrigated and rainfed conditions respectively. iv) Jute is more remunerative under rainfed condition than that under irrigated condition. v) Jute may be included both in rainfed or irrigated cropping systems. 7. Das, N. R. and Mishra, R. S. (1991a). Effect of sulphur and variety, on yield of rainfed summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) in West Bengal. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 36(4) : 604-605. Abstract Under rainfed conditions in summer (pre-kharif) of West Bengal experiment on groundnut was conducted, to findout proper variety and sulphur level. The findings were recorded as follows : i) Out of 5 groundnut varieties (ICGV 86055, ICGV 86015, ICGV 86124, ICGV 86162 and local check), ICGV 86124 gave the maximum pod yield, followed by ICGV 86015 and ICGV 86162. | ||||
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ii) Sulphur upto 40 kg S/ha, increased pod yields, under rainfed conditions in pre-kharif summer. iii) There is a possibility of growing short duration (about 100 days) groundnut ICGV 86124, with 40 kg S/ha, during pre-kharif summer season, to replace uneconomic jute under rainfed condition, before rainy season transplanted kharif rice. iv) The soft and green twig of summer groundnut can also be used as (a) fodder for cattle and (b) green manure for succeeding kharif rice, though the stems were hard some times. v) Ratio of pre-kharif groundnut haulm and pod yield was about 5 : 1. 8. Das, N. R. (1991a). Effect of sources and levels of P on growth and yield of rainfed kharif rice. Proceedings, IFFCO Conference, 7 : 163-164. Abstract Field experiment was conducted in West Bengal on transplanted kharif rice, with 3 sources of phosphate [single super phosphate (SSP), IFFCO-NPK and Ammonium polyphosphate (APP)] and 4 levels of phosphate (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5/ha), to find out the source and level of phosphate on rainfed transplanted kharif rice. The findings were as follows : i) The sources of phosphate were equally good, so far as growth and yield of transplanted kharif rice (IR 36) were concerned. | ||||
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ii) Higher level of P, in general, resulted in favourable response to kharif rice. iii) Significant response, of course, were observed upto 40 kg P2O5/ha in most of the cases, such as number of panicle/m2, grain and straw yields of low land rainfed transplanted kharif rice. iv) In transplanted kharif rice under rainfed conditions, SSP, IFFCO-NPK and APP, could be used as P sources. v) Out of the sources (SSP, APP & IFFCO-NPK complex), SSP was the best, followed by IFFCO-NPK complex and APP. vi) Net returns was maximum from 60 kg P2O5/ha in rainfed transplanted kharif rice. 9. Das, N. R. (1991b). Residual effect of sources and levels of P, applied to rice, on grasspea (Lathyrus sativa) as paira crop. Proceedings IFFCO Conference, 7 : 165-166. Abstract The field experiments, were conducted, on grasspea as no-tillage relay (paira) crop in West Bengal, immediately after kharif transplanted rice with 3 sources of phosphate (SSP, IFFCO-NPK and APP) and 4 levels (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5/ha) of P, applied to rice, to find out the residual effects. The findings were as follows : i) Residual effects of APP, applied to preceding kharif rice (IR 36), were observed in respect of grain and straw yields of succeeding grasspea (Lathyrus sativa) with higher level of P (upto 60 kg K2O/ha). | ||||
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ii) Mulch with rice-straw @ 2 tonnes/ha, proved to be beneficial to increase yield of grasspea (Khesari), grown as paira crop under rainfed condition. iii) In grasspea (cv. Nirmal 1), best economic returns were obtained from SSP or APP. iv) In respect of residual effect of P, applied to preceding kharif rice, on grain yield of grasspea, grown as rainfed paira crop, SSP was the best with 60 kg P2O5/ha. v) Hence, rainfed no-tillage relay (paira) crop of grasspea (khesari) is a great possibility, to grow after rainfed transplanted kharif rice. 10. Das, N. R. (1991c). Response of wheat crop to P in 'Rice-wheat' cropping system, Proceedings IFFCO Coference, 7 : 167-168. Abstract The field experiment on wheat under "wheat-jute-rice" rotation, was conducted in West Bengal during, rabi with 3 levels of P2O5 (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha) from APP (Ammonium polyphosphate), to find out the level in the rotation and the findings were as follows : i) The yield components and yields of wheat (UP 262), increased with the increase of levels of P2O5 and maximum yiled was obtained at the rate of 60 kg P2O5/ha, followed by 30 kg P2O5/ha from APP source, in 'Jute-rice-wheat' cropping system. Effective tillers also increased heavily with 60 kg P2O5/ha. | ||||
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ii) P from APP, improved the root systems of dwarf wheat in 'Jute-rice-wheat-cropping sequence'. iii) Hence, 60 kg P2O5/ha from APP was beneficial for grain and straw yields of wheat in 'Jute-rice-wheat' cropping system. 11. Das, N. R. (1991d). Effect of sulphur and variety, on growth and yield or rainfed summer (pre-kharif) ground (Arachis hypogaea). Proceedings IFFCO Conference, 7 : 171-172. Abstract The field experiment in West bengal on groundnut was laidout with 5 varieties (ICGV 86015, ICGV 86124, ICGV 86055, ICGV 86162 and local) and 4 sulphur levels (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg S/ha), to identify the suitable varieties for pre-kharif summer groundnut and the sulphur levels after wheat but before rice, under rainfed conditions. The findings were as follows : i) ICGV 86124 groundnut variety (about 100 days duration) showed the maximum dry-pod yield (24 q/ha), followed by ICGV 86013 (13.7 q/ha); while local check showed the lowest (12.0 q/ha) pod-yields in pre-kharif summer under rainfed conditions, after wheat but before transplanted kharif rice in the "wheat-groundnut-rice" system. ii) Sulphur @ 40 kg S/ha, increased the seed yield parameters of groundnut in pre-kharif summer, under rainfed conditions. iii) ICGV 86124 with 40 kg S/ha, gave the maximum pod yields, as rainfed pre-kharif summer (crop, after wheat | ||||
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but before kharif rice, and also with higher haulm yields. iv) Fresh green haulm, which was very important for 'green-manure in succeeding transplanted kharif rice, was maximum in ICGV 86162, followed by ICGV 86124 and local check. v) There is a great possibility of utilising the 'green haulm' as "green manure" in succeeding transplanted kharif rice or as a fodder for cattle, under rainfed conditions. vi) "Wheat-groundnut-rice" was highly economic system under rainfed condition. 12. Das, N. R. (1991e). Effect of N and tillage on rabi rainfed crops (mustard/wheat/grasspea/lentil/rajma) after transplanted kharif rice. Proceedings IFFCO Conference, 7 : 168-170. Abstract Field experiments in West Bengal, on rainfed rabi crops (grasspea, lentil, mustard, wheat and rajma), were conducted with 2 tillage level (paira-no-till and conventional 4 ploughings), 2 N-levels (0, 50 kg N/ha) after transplanted kharif rice, under rainfed conditions and the findings were as follows : i) Lentil (cv. L-9-12), grasspea (cv. Nirmal 1), mustard (RW 351), wheat (UP 262) and rajma (PDR 16) were established in a better way in rabi season after harvest of transplanted kharif rice (cv. IR 36), under rainfed conditions. | ||||
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ii) Tillage number, of course, did not show any positive response to crops, hence zero tillage (as paira) was better for raising winter crops after transplanted kharif rice, under rainfed conditions. iii) Higher dose of N (50 kg N/ha), to rainfed rabi paira crops, after transplanted kharif rice, showed response to yield components and yields of lentil, grasspea, mustard, wheat and rajma. iv) In rice-fallows, conventional tillage was the worst for rabi crops, because of loss of moisture from soil and less germination of the crops. v) Under rainfed conditions, crops under conventional tillage ultimately died. vi) Grasspea, lentil, mustard and rajma could be grown as paira crops after rice under rainfed conditions. 13. Das, N. R. (1991f). Effect of K and variety, on yield components and yields of rainfed pre-kharif summer groundnut (Arachis hypogea). Proceedings IFFCO Conference, 7 : 173-174. Abstract The field experiment in West Bengal, on groundnut in pre-kharif summer with 17 varieties and 4 levels of K2O (0, 40 and 80 & 120 kg K2O/ha), was conducted, to findout the proper variety with the K level in pre-kharif summer groundnut. The findings were as follows : i) Out of 17 new groundnut varieties (local check, ICGV 85055, ICGV 86016, ICGV 86124, ICGV 86162, EML- | ||||
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GUT(SS)-29, ICGV 86309, ICGV 87189, ICGV 87148, ICGV 36187, EKL-GUT(SB)-23, EML(SB)-17, ICGV 86188, ICGV 86326, ICGV 87191, ICGV 850251 and ICGV 87124), short duration ICGV 86124, was the best for seed yield, under rainfed pre-kharif summer conditions. ii) In respect of green haulm to be used as fodder for cattle or green manure in succeeding kharif rice; the variety ICGV 87148, gave the maximum yield (haulm), followed by ICGV 86187. iii) Yield-components and yields of rainfed groundnut increased, with the increase of levels of K2O/ha, upto 80 kg K2O/ha in pre-kharif summer. iv) 'Green haulm yield' of groundnut was maximum with 120 kg K2O/ha. v) There is a possibility of using 'soft twig' of groundnut for the cattle as fodder and biomass for green manure in succeeding kharif rice. 14. Das, N. R. (1991g). Comperative studies of Sesbania rostrata (stem nodulating dhaincha) and S. aculeata, under seed soaking treatments. Proceedings IFFCO Conference, 7 : 175-176. Abstract The field experiment, in West Bengal, on two species of dhaincha [Sesbania (Sesbania rostrata and S. aculeata)] under 4 seed soaking treatments [(10% cowdung solution soaked for 12 hrs, water | ||||
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soaking for 12 hrs, 0.5% solution of sulphuric acid for 12 hrs. and dry seed (control)], was conducted to findout the germination percentage for the seeds of dhaincha. The findings were as follows: i) Sesbania rostrata (Bagha dhaincha) was better that S. aculeata (dhaincha) in respect of height, stem, basal girth, pod number/branch, seed number/pod, seed weight and seed yield; while it was inferior to S. aculeata in respect of germination (percentage) and number of branches/plant. ii) Seed soaked with 10% solution of cowdung, for 12 hrs., showed the best germination of dhaincha, followed by soaking with water (12 hrs.) and 0.5% solution of sulphuric acid under rainfed conditions. iii) In general, germination in soil, of S. aculeata, was higher than that of S. rostrata. iv) Hence, soaking Sesbania rostrata seeds with 10% solution of cowdung for 12 hrs., should be done for getting better germination percentage and for better growth of the crop. 15. Das, N. R. (1991h). Effect of biofertilizer and chemical N, on rainfed transplanted wet (kharif) rice. Proceedings IFFCO Conference, 7 : 176-177. Abstract The field experiments on rainfed transplanted kharif rice with 3 biofertilizers [(Sesbania rostrata - Bagha dhanicha, S. aculeata-Dhaincha and Corchorus olitorius (pat)], with 3 N - levels (0, 50 and | ||||
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100 kg N/ha) was conducted in West Bengal, to identify the proper biofertilizer and N level in rice. The findings were as follows : i) Sesbania rostrata (Bagha-dhaincha) - a stem nodulating dhaincha, as green manure crop, was equally good with S. aculeata (dhaincha) in respect of grain and straw yields of succeeding rainfed transplanted kharif rice. ii) Sesbania rostrata, as green manuring crop, showed better performance than that of either fallow plot or green leaf manuring crop with Corchorus olitorius (Pat, JRO 632), in respect of grain and straw yields of succeeding rainfed transplanted kharif rice (IR 36). iii) Addition of N (from urea) increased the grain and straw yields of succeeding rainfed transplanted kharif rice (IR 36) preceded by biofertilizers. iv) S. rostrata (green manure) with 50 kg N/ha or S. aculeata with 100 kg N/ha (both as green manure crop), gave near similar higher grain and straw yield of succeeding rainfed transplanted kharif rice. v) S. rostrata with 50 kg N/ha was the best for grain and straw yields of rainfed transplanted kharif rice. vi) Economically, rainfed transplanted kharif rice cultivation with dhaincha along with 50 kg N/ha, was the best under West Bengal conditions. 16. Das, N. R. (1991). Effect of seeding depth and hoeing, on yields of wheat after transplanted kharif rice in entisol. Proceedings IFFCO Conference, 7 : 178-179. | ||||
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Abstract Field experiment was conducted in West Bengal, on wheat (UP 262) after transplanted kharif rice (IR 36), to find out the proper seeding depth and hoeing number in irrigated wheat, with 3 depth of seeding (4, 8 and 12 cm depth) below soil surface and 3 hoeing times (1 at 24 DAS, 2 at 24 & 36 DAS and 3 at 24, 36 & 48 DAS (days & after sowing) along with unhoed control. The findings were as follows : i) Grain yield and yield components of irrigated wheat (UP 262) were maximum in either 4 or 8 cm depth of seeding. ii) One hoeing at 24 days after sowing (DAS) was better than unhoed control, but at par with 2 hoeings (24 and 48 DAS), in respect of yield and yield components of irrigated wheat after transplanted kharif rice (IR 36). iii) After transplanted kharif rice, dwarf wheat (UP 262) required one hoeing after first irrigation for better yield. iv) After transplanted kharif rice (IR 36), seeding depth of 4 cm with one time (24 DAS) hoeing, was the best for yield of irrigated dwarf wheat in West Bengal, where soil crustation was a big problem in wheat after irrigation. v) Out of 3 seeding depth (4, 8 and 12 cm) and 4 hoeing numbers (one time 2 times hoeing and three time with control), one time hoeing gave the best performance in irrigated wheat after tranplanted kharif rice (IR 36). | ||||
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17. Das, N. R. (1991j). Effect of tillage and mulch, on rainfed mustard after transplanted kharif rice. Proceedings IFFCO Conference, 7 : 179-180. Abstract The field experiment was conducted, on mustard (B 85) after transplanted kharif rice, under rainfed conditions in West Bengal, with 3 tillage levels [0, (as paira crop), 2 and 4 ploughings] and with 4 levels of mulchings with rice-straw (0, 1, 2 & 3 tonnes/ha), to identify the levels of tillage and mulch. The findings were as follows : i) No-tillage mustard (Brassica camprestis), grown earlier by broadcast, as paira crop, over transplanted kharif rice (and harvest there after), gave the maximum seed and stover yields. ii) Out of 4 mulch levels, maximum amount of mulch (i.e. 3 tonnes/ha), with rice straw, gave the maximum grain and stover yield of mustard, grown after transplanted kharif rice. iii) Even with no-mulch, yields of mustard, under zero tillage (paira) were good, indicating thereby the prospect of mustard cultivation, under rainfed condition, after transplanted kharif rice (IR 36) in rice-fallows. iv) Either two or four tillages were equal in respect of grain and stover yields of mustard, though it was more in zero tillage (paira) crop, in respect of seed and straw yields. | ||||
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v) There was a great possibility of growing rainfed rabi paira mustard (B-85) after kharif rice under rainfed conditions, in alluvial tracts of West Bengal. 18. Das, N. R. (1991k). Effect of rice-stubble height and P levels, on rainfed grasspea (Lathyrus sativa) as paira crop, after transplanted kharif rice. Proceedings IFFCO Conference, 7 : 180-182. Abstract The field experiment on grasspea (Lathyrus sativa), with 3 rice stubble-heights (0, 15 and 30 cm above ground) and 4 levels of P2O5 (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P2O5/ha), in West Bengal, to identify rice-stubble height and P level in rainfed paira grasspea after transplanted kharif rice. The findings were as follows : i) Green fodder of rainfed paira grasspea (Lathyrus sativa cv. Nirmal 1), increased with the increased length of rice-stubble height. ii) Grain and stover yields of rainfed paira grasspea, however, did not vary due to rice-stubble height. iii) Stover/grain ratio under rainfed paira grasspea, was greater from rice-stubble, cut at ground level than that of height, cut either at 15 or 30 cm above ground. iv) Grain or stover or green yields of grasspea, grown as paira crop, under rainfed conditions after transplanted kharif rice, did not show any variation, due to levels of P, starting from 0 to 90 kg P2O5/ha, indicating there by that paira grasspea did not respond to P2O5 levels. | ||||
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v) There was a great possibility of growing grasspea, as paira crop, after transplanted kharif rice, both for (a) grain and (b) fodder, in rice-fallows in West Bengal. vi) No need of phosphatic fertilization in paira grasspea after tranplanted kharif rice under rainfed condition in West Bengal, though it required more P2O5 in tilled grasspea. 19. Das, N. R. (1991). Fibre yield and production economics of tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius), as affected by variety and planting methods, under rainfed conditions. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 36 : 317-318. Abstract The field experiment on jute, under rainfed conditions, was conducted at BCKV Farm, West Bengal, with 2 varieties (Rupali and JRO 632) and two planting methods (broadcast and line sowing), to identify the variety and method sowing of jute. The findings were recorded as follows : i) Dry-fibre yield and stick yield or economic returns, were higher in 'Rupali' jute than those in 'JRO 632', under rainfed conditions. ii) Line sown jute was better than broadcast one, in respect of fibre yield, stick yield and net returns of jute cultivation, under rainfed conditions. iii) Rupali with line sowing, gave the maximum fibre and net returns along with stick yields of jute. | ||||
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iv) The fibre yield of Rupali was higher than that of JRO 632 because of higher plant height and higher stem girth of jute. 20. Datta, B. and Das, N. R. (1991). Effect of green manure and N, on rainfed transplanted kharif rice and after-effect, on lentil as paira crop. M.Sc. (Ag.) thesis, submitted by first author in 1991 to Agronomy Deptt., BCKV, West Bengal, under the supervision of the second author. Abstract The field experiment in West Bengal, on kharif rice with 3 green/leaf manures (Sesbania aculeata, S. rostrata, Corchorus olitorius) and fallow control, with and 3 N-levels (0, 50, 100 kg N/ha), was conducted under rainfed condition in West Bengal to identify the proper biofertilizer & N level in transplanted kharif rice, and also to study the after-affect, on paira lentil. The findings were as follows: i) Higher grain yield of transplanted kharif rice, was obtained either with Sesbania aculeata or S. rostrata, as green manure crops. ii) Grain of transplanted kharif rice increased with the increase of nitrogen level, under rainfed conditions. iii) Residual effect of increasing levels of N (Urea), applied to transplanted kharif rice, reduced plant population, test weight, seed weight and straw weight of succeeding lentil, grown as paira crop, under rainfed conditions. | ||||
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iv) Weed infestation increased in paira lentil, under rainfed condition, where high dose of N was applied to preceding kharif rice crop. v) Paira lentil yielded higher either after 'fallow-rice' or 'jute' (Corchorus olitorius) - rice sequence. vi) Similar trend was also observed in net-returns (as in V). vii) 'Jute-rice-lentil', was the best sequence in respect of grain-yield production and economic returns, under rainfed conditions of West Bengal. 21. Mukherjee, N. N. and Das, N. R. (1991). Studies on crop production, under tillage and fertilizer management of wheat, after transplanted kharif rice in 'wheat-jute-rice' cropping system. Ph. D. thesis, submitted by first author, in 1991 to Agronomy Deptt. BCKV, West Bengal, under the supervision of second author. Abstract The field experiments in West Bengal, on irrigated wheat, after transplanted kharif rice, were conducted with 3 tillage levels (0, 2 and 4 ploughings), 4 NPK-fertilizer levels (0-0-0, 30-15-15, 60-30-30 and 120-60-60 kg N, P2O5 & K2O/ha) and with 4 methods of basal nitrogen applications, to identify the NPK fertilizer level, tillage number and method of fertilizer application in wheat, after transplanted kharif rice, in "rice-wheat-jute" cropping system. The findings were as follows : | ||||
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i) Seedling emergence, plant height, tillers number, shoot number, dry weight, spike length, crown root number, root dry weight, 1000-seed weight, grain and straw yields and total biomass of wheat (UP 262), after transplanted kharif rice (IR 36), were higher under minimal (2 ploughings) or conventional (4 ploughings) tillage than those under zero tillage, though 2 and 4 tillages, did not show any significant difference among themselves. ii) Cost of cultivation of wheat, however, increased with the increase of tillage number. iii) Tillage operations in previous wheat (rabi), had no residual effect, on growth and yield of succeeding jute (cv. JRO 524) in pre-kharif season. iv) Seedling emergence, growth characters, root development, yield component and yields of dwarf wheat increased, with the increase of levels of NPK-fertilizer upto '120 : 60 : 60' kg/ha, under irrigated condition in West Bengal, after transplanted kharif rice. v) Tillage number, levels of NPK-fertilizer and N application methods, applied to preceding irrigated wheat, did not show any impact in succeeding kharif rice, as cumulative effect in "wheat-jute-rice" cropping system. vi) "Wheat-jute-kharif transplanted rice" was found to be a good sequence under irrigated condition. | ||||
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Year 1992 1. Das, N. R. and Kashyapi, A. (1992). Productivity of rainfed rice-based cropping systems in West Bengal. International Rice Research Newsletter, 17(1) : 29. Abstract Field experiments were conducted, on different summer crops [Jute, rice (aus), sesame, mungbean, cowpea, dhaincha and Fallow], followed by kharif transplanted rice and then by paira lentil, under rainfed conditions in West Bengal, for finding out the good rice-based rainfed 3-crop systems, in West Bengal. The findings were as follows : i) Grain and straw yields of kharif rice (IR 36) were maximum after jute (Basudev) or mungbean (Pusa Baisakhi), in kharif season, under rainfed condition. ii) Seed and stover yields of third crop of paira lentil (B 77) were also maximum under rainfed 3-crop system. iii) 'Jute-rice-lentil' showed the maximum crop production and net returns, among the 3-crop rainfed cropping systems studied in West Bengal. iv) 'Mungbean-rice-lentil' was second in the system after "Jute-rice-lentil" in respect of production and net returns, under rainfed conditions. v) Grain or seed and straw or stalk yields of both rice and paira lentil increased, as nitrogen levels, applied to pre-kharif crops increased, under rainfed rice-based cropping system. | ||||
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vi) Net returns of transplanted kharif rice also increased, in general, as compared to other crops, in the rainfed cropping systemss. vii) Possibility of raising rainfed paira lentil (no-tillage relay crop) after rainfed kharif transplanted rice, was observed. viii) Under rainfed conditions, '60 : 30 : 30' was the best for pre-kharif crops of West Bengal. 2. Das, N. R., Mukherjee, N. N. and Chatterjee, B. N. (1992). Effect of tillage and fertilizer, on wheat after transplanted kharif rice in West Bengal. National Symposium on Resource Management for Sustained Crop Production, held at Rajasthan, India, Feb. 25-28, 1992, organised by Indian Soc. Agronomy, Abstract, p.124. Abstract The field experiments on dwarf wheat, with 3 tillage levels [0 (paira), 2 and 4 plounghings] and 4 NPK-fertilizer levels (0-0-0; 30-15-15; 60-30-30; 120-60-60 of N, P2O5 and K2O kg/ha), after transplanted kharif rice, was conducted in West Bengal. The finding were as follows : i) Seedling emergence, growth, yield attributes, root growth, grain and straw yields and total biomass production of wheat (UP 262), were higher with minimal (two tillages) or conventional (four tillages) tillages, though 2 and 4 ploughing did not show significant difference. | ||||
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ii) Seedling emergence, growth and yield characters, root development and yield of wheat, increased with the increase of NPK-fertilizer levels upto 120-60-60 kg/ha, (in terms of N, P2O5 & K2O/ha), after transplanted kharif rice (IR 36). iii) Two ploughings with NPK-fertilizer @ 120-60-60 kg/ha, gave the best economic combination for production of irrigated wheat. iv) Two tillages and "120-60-60" fertilizer showed the maximum seed yield of wheat after rice. 3. Das, N. R.; Kashyapi, A. and Bhanja, N. (1992a). Effect of rice-stubble height and P levels, on rainfed grasspea (Lathyrus sativa), grwon as 'paira' crop, after transplanted kharif rice. Indian Science Congress, 79(3) : 21-22. Abstract The field experiment, on rainfed rabi paira grasspea after kharif transplanted rice, with 3 preceding rice-straw heights (0, 15 & 30 cm above ground) and 4 P2O5 levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P2O5/ha), to identify the proper preceding rice - straw height and phosphate level for rainfed paira grasspea in West Bengal. The findings were as follows : i) Green fodder of grasspea (khesari cv. Nirmal 1), grown as paira crop, increased with the increasing levels of height of preceding rice-stubble. ii) Phosphorus, levels upto 90 kg/ha, did not show any response to either grain or stover yield of rainfed paira grasspea, after rainfed transplanted kharif rice (IR 36). | ||||
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iii) Seed yield of paira grasspea, however, decreased with the increase of levels of height of preceding rice-stubble, under rainfed conditions. iv) No response was shown in stover yield of rainfed paira grasspea, due to increase of rice-stubble heights. v) Possibilities of growing grasspea (khesari) as paira crop (rainfed no-tillage relay crop) after transplanted kharif rainfed rice, were noted. vi) Grasspea, as a paira crop, could be utilized after transplanted kharif rice, under rainfed condition in West Bengal for (a) higher grain yield with 15 cm height of rice-straw and for (b) higher green biomass (for fodder) yield, with 30 cm height of preceding rice-straw, economically. vii) Rainfed paira grasspea should not be fertilised with phosphate, after transplanted kharif rice. 4. Das, N. R. and Datta, B. (1992). Effect of biofertilizer and chemical N, on rainfed transplanted kharif rice. Proceedings Indian Science Congress, 79(3) : 22. Abstract The field experiment, on kharif transplanted rainfed rice (IR 36) was conducted in West Bengal, with different biofertilizers (Sesbania 2 and Corchorus 1) and with 3 N-levels (0, 50 & 100 kg/ha), to identify the biofertilizer and N-level in kharif rice. The experiment revealed the following : | ||||
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i) Sesbania rostrata (Stem nodulating dhaincha) was equally good with S. aculeata and better than either fallow or Corchorus olitorius (Jute-Basudev) or control (no-crop). ii) Grain and straw yields increased, as N-levels increased, in rainfed transplanted kharif rice. iii) Rice grain yield, green manured either with Sesbania aculeata or S. rostrata, increased equally with both 50 and 100 kg N/ha respectively, in kharif season under rainfed condition. iv) Neither bio-fertilizers nor N-levels, affected grain yield of lentil (B 77), grown as rainfed no-tillage relay (paira) crop, after transplanted kharif rice. v) Great possibility was observed to grow rainfed lentil (B 77) as paira crop in rabi season, after transplanted kharif rice, in medium land of West Bengal. 5. Das, N. R.; Datta, B.; Kashyapi, A. and Ghosh, N. (1992c). Seed quality of rainfed transplanted photo-insensitive kharif rice (IR 36), as affected by N and biofertilizers. 8th All-India Seed Seminar on Recent Advances and Future Strategies in Seed Science and Technology, held at Haryana Agricultural University, in June 9-11, 1992, Abstract Seed Tech. News, 22(1) : 23. Abstract Field experiment on rainfed transplanted kharif rice (IR 36), with biofertilizers and N-levels, was conducted in West Bengal, to indentify the biofertilizer & N-level for better quality seed production. The findings were as follows : | ||||
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i) Biofertilizers (Sesbania aculeata, S. rostrata and Corchorus olitorius and fallow-control), showed the significant difference in respect of seed size, number of filled and unfilled grain and seed weight of kharif rice (IR 36). S. rostrata was the best of all, in this aspect. ii) With the increase of levels of N-level (0, 50 & 100 kg N/ha), seed length, number of filled grain increased. iii) Shoot and root length of second generation rice seedling, under S. rostrata, was maximum both at 5, 10 and 15 days after setting experiment. iv) It was possible to get good quality seed of transplanted kharif rainfed rice, if Sesbania rostrata was green manured along with higher N level (i.e. 100 kg N/ha). 6. Das, N. R. and Sen, S. (1992). Planting rainfed winter crops in rice-fallows under different N and tillage treatments. International Rice Research Newsletter, 17(4) : 18-19. Abstract The field experiments, on lentil, grasspea, mustard, wheat, bean (rajma) in winter after transplanted kharif rice, was conducted under rainfed condition, with tillage and N-levels, to identify the crops under tillage and N-levels, in West Bengal. From the experiment conducted in West Bengal, with winter-rainfed crops [lentil, (B 77); grasspea, (Nirmal 1); mustard, (RW 357); wheat, (UP 262) and beans, (rajma - PDR 16)], after transplanted kharif rice (IR 36), with 2 tillage levels [no-tillage i.e. | ||||
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paira and conventional (4 ploughings)] and 2 levels of N (0 and 50 kg N/ha). The following findings were revealed from the experiment : i) Rainfed winter crops (lentil, grasspea, mustard, wheat and bean (rajma) could be established, as paira crop (no-tillage relay crop) after transplanted rainfed kharif rice. ii) Grasspea yield was the best of all crops tried, in terms of biomass production. iii) Rainfed rabi crops, grown under zero tillage (paira) after transplanted kharif rice, gave the higher yields than those of 4 (conventional) tillages. iv) Fifty kg N/ha was better than no-N, in crops grown as paira crops. v) Grasspea had the highest net returns, followed by lentil and bean. vi) Rice-fallows, under rainfed condition in West Bengal, could be utilized by paira crops like grasspea, lentil, mustard, rajma and wheat. 7. Ghosh, N.; Sen, S. and Das, N. R. (1992). Simple method to improve seed quality of jute (Corchorus olitorius). International Seed Testing Congress Symposium, 23 : 69. Abstract a) A simple and low cost method has been standardised for grading jute (JRO 632) seeds. | ||||
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b) Mature seeds, after harvest, should be sundried, put inside the bottle/jar and capped. c) Before that a naptheline ball was placed inside. The experiment revealed the following : i) By this method mungbean seeds, could be stored for a period of 5 years, without much deterioration. ii) In this methods, seeds germinated well. iii) Viability remained for a long time with this method of storing. iv) Larger seeds gave higher yield, more height than the smaller seed of JRO 632 when planted in June/July. 8. Das, N. R. and Mukherjee, N. N. (1992). Effect of seedling-uprooting time and leaf removal, on grain and straw yields of rainy (kharif) season rice (Oryza sativa). Indian Journal of Agronomy, 37(1) : 167-169. Abstract The field experiment was conducted on kharif transplanted rice, with 3 uprooting- times of seedlings (0, 3 and 6 days before transplantation, DBT) and with 4 levels of leaf removal (0, 25, 50 and 100%), for kharif rice yield production and the experiment revealed the followings : i) Seedling-uprooting-time, did not affect grain and straw yield of transplanted kharif rice (IR 36) significantly, though 6-day-old-uprooting seedlings were inferior, whereas current uprooting seedlings were better in yields. | ||||
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ii) Removal of leaves of kharif transplanted rice (IR 36), one month after seedling transplantation, significantly affected the grain and straw yields. With the increase of defoliation, grain and straw yields of tranplanted kharif rice decreased gradually; while the highest reduction of grain was at 100% defoliation of leaf. iii) Seedlings of kharif transplanted rice could be retained safely for 6 days but defoliation was detrimental for rice (IR 36) yields. 9. Kashyapi, A. and Das, N. R. (1992). Cropping effect, on succeeding N-fertilized kharif rice and after-effect, on lentil under rainfed conditions. Ph.D. Agronomy Thesis, submitted by first author in 1992 to Agronomy Deptt., BCKV, West Bengal, under the supervision of the second author. Abstract The field experiments, on different crops in different seasons under rainfed conditions, were conducted, in West Bengal, to show the impact of pre-kharif crops (Jute, sesame, aus rice, cowpea & dhaincha), to succeeding crop kharif rice, fertilized with N-level in rice-based croping systems. The findings revealed, were as follows: i) Effects of pre-kharif crops, particularly, due to jute or mungbean, were observed positively, on plant height, effective tillers, filled grain yield, straw yield and total biomass of transplanted rainfed kharif rice (IR | ||||
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36), as compared to sesame or direct seeded rice (aus). ii) 'Jute or mungbean-rice-lentil' was the best cropping system in rainfed medium land areas of West Bengal. iii) Residual effect of croppings with jute or mungbean, were noticed on different parameters of suceeding rainfed no-tillage paira lentil in rabi season also, after transplanted kharif rice. iv) Soil fertility status under sequence, were promoted after pre-kharif croppings with jute and mungbean. v) Organic carbon, total N, available P2O5 in soils were maintained at higher level after kharif rice and succeeding lentil in the sequences, which included jute or mungbean, indicating thereby the good effect of pre-kharif crop. vi) Inclusion of jute and mungbean in rice-based rainfed 3-crop system, resulted in higher net returns of kharif transplanted rice and of the sequences. vii) Lentil as paira crop, could be raised after transplanted kharif rice, in rainfed 3-crop system in West Bengal. Year 1993 1. Das, N. R. and Bhanja, N. (1968). Establishment of rainfed 'paira' crops under NPK-fertilizer after transplanted kharif rice in West Bengal. Proceedings Indian Science Congress, 80(3) : 31. | ||||
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Abstract The field experiment was conducted, with rainfed 4 paira crops (mustard, cv. B 9; linseed cv Neelam; grasspea, cv. Nirmal 1 and lentil, cv. B 77) and with 3 levesl of NPK-fertilizers (0-0-0; 40-20-20; & 60-30-30 for non-legumes (oil seed) and 0-0-0; 20-40-40 and 30-60-60 for legumes (pulses), when grown after transplanted kharif rice, under rainfed conditions. It was revealed the following : i) With the increase of levels of NPK-fertilizers, seed and stover yields of rainfed rabi paira crops, after transplanted kharif rice (IR 36) increased, though rate of increase was higher in oilseeds (mustard & linseed) than those of pulses (grasspea & lentil). ii) Grasspea, lentil, linseed and mustard could be grown as rainfed paira crops (no-tillage relay crop) after transplanted kharif rice, in rabi season of West Bengal. iii) Lentil gave the maximum seed yield, followed by grasspea under rainfed condition, when grown as paira crops, after transplanted kharif rice. iv) Mustard, though could be grown as paira crop after kharif transplanted rice, gave the poorest yield, but it was possible to grow as paira crop. v) Rainfed paira mustard & linseed should be fertilized with 60 kg N, 30 kg P2O5 and 30 kg K2O/ha, applying half N and full of P2O5 and K2O at 15 days after sowing (DAS) and rest half of N at 30 DAS, by broadcast over the crops in the evening. | ||||
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vi) Grasspea and lentil should not be fertilized when grown as paira crops. 2. Das, N. R. and Ghosh, N. (1993). Seed productivity of amaranthus as affected by time of sowing and levels of nitrogen in West Bengal. Proceedings Indian Science Congress, 80(3) : 31-32. Abstract Field experiment was conducted in West Bengal, on irrigated amaranthus (cv. Laldata), with 3 planting times (Nov. 2, March 2, July 2) and with 4 levels of N (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N/ha), to find the N-level and sowing date. The findings were as follows: i) Growth parameters, yield components and seed yield of amaranthus, increased with the increase of levesl of N, upto 120 N/ha. ii) November 2 planting date, was the best of all dates of sowing for seed yield, followed by March 2 and July 2 plantings. iii) November 2 planting, with 120 kg N/ha, gave the maximum seed yield of amaranthus [vegetable (cv. Laldata)] in West Bengal. iv) Variety Laldata of amaranthus was a good amaranthus. 3. Das, N. R. and Sen, S. (1993). Production economics of rainfed winter crops as affected by tillage and nitrogen fertilizer, after transplanted kharif rice. Environment & Ecology, 11(1) : 189-192. | ||||
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Abstract From the experiment conducted in rice-fallows of West Bengal, under rainfed condition, with five winter crops (lentil, grasspea, mustard, wheat and rajma), two levels of N (0 and 50 kg N/ha) and two tillage levels [i.e. paira (no-tillage relay) and conventional (4 tillages)] after transplanted kharif rice, revealed the following : i) Lentil, grasspea, mustard and rajma could be grown in rice-fallows under rainfed condition, as paira crop (no-tillage relay). ii) Net returns was maximum from grasspea, followed by lentil and rajma cultivation, as paira crop, under rainfed condition, after transplanted kharif rice. iii) Except wheat, all crops (grasspea, lentil, mustard, rajma), gave better yields and economic returns, as no-tillage relay crop (paira) under rainfed conditions. iv) Fertilization @ 50 kg N/ha was better than no-fertilization in winter crops [oilseeds (mustard & linseed) and pulses (grasspea & lentil)] in general; but in oil seeds it was more effective. v) No-tillage paira crop, was better than conventional (4 ploughings) tilled crops particularly where soil is soaked with slight amount of water, or in muds/marshy/weedy conditions, i.e. under different climatic soil/water conditions. vi) Grasspea (Khesari) showed the 'biversal type of adoptation after transplanted kharif rice, when grown | ||||
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as paira crop, i.e. it could be grown in place where slight water was present or in slight dry conditions. 4. Das, N. R., Mukherjee, N. N. and Sen, S. (1993). Rice-wheat yields, as affected by tillage and planting date. International Rice Research Newsletter, 18(1) : 55. Abstract Field experiments were conducted on dwarf wheat after transplanted kharif rice, with 4 planting dates (Nov. 1, Nov. 16, Dec. 1 and Dec. 16) and with 3 tillage levels [0 (paira) 2 and 4 ploughings], to identify the tillage number under different planting date for wheat cultivation, after transplanted kharif rice, in West Bengal. The finding were as follows : i) The maximum grain and straw yield of wheat (UP 262) was obtained from 16 November sowing and the minimum grain yield was obtained from December 16 planting, after transplanted kharif rice (IR 36). ii) Wheat grain and straw yields, after transplanted kharif rice, increased with the increased number of tillages, though yields under minimal tillage (two ploughings) did not vary much compared to those under conventional tillage (four ploughings). iii) Middle of November planting with minimal tillage (two ploughings), increased the grain and straw yields of wheat (UP 262), after transplanted kharif rice (IR 36). | ||||
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iv) November 1 planting was inferior. Highest grain was obtained from November 16 planting & then on wards wheat grain yield decreased gradually. 5. Das, N. R. and Bhanja, N. (1993a). Establishing rainfed no-till winter crops, under NPK-fertilization after transplanted wet rice. International Rice Research Newsletter, 18(3) : 39. Abstract Field experiment was conducted with different winter crops with NPK-fertilizer levels, under rainfed conditions, after transplanted kharif rice in West Bengal and the findings were as follows : i) Lentil (cv. B 77) gave the maximum seed and stover yields, followed by grasspea (Nirmal 1), grown as paira crop, after transplanted kharif rice (IR 36). ii) Linseed (Neelam) gave the poorest seed and stover yields, as paira crop, after the transplanted kharif rice, though the establishment was good. iii) Pulses (grasspea & lentil), did not respond to NPK-fertilizer level statistically. iv) All the 4 crops (grasspea, lentil, lentil and mustard) tried, could be established as no-till rainfed winter relay (paira), crops, after transplanted kharif rice. v) Seed and stover yields of oil seed crops (mustard and linseed), increased with the increase of NPK-fertilizer levels upto 60 kg N, 30 kg P2O5 and 30 kg K2O/ha, when grown as paira crop, after kharif transplanted rice, under rainfed conditions. | ||||
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vi) For mustard and linseed grown as paira crop, should, therefore, be fertilized with 60-30-30 of N, P2O5 & K2O kg/ha. Half of N and full of P2O5 & K2O should be applied at 15 DAS and rest half of N at 30 DAS in the evening, by broadcast over the crop. 6. Bhanja, N. and Das, N. R. (1993). Establishment of rainfed paira crops under NPK-fertilizer levels, after transplanted kharif rice, M.Sc. (Ag.) Agronomy Thesis, submitted by first author, in 1993 to Agronomy Deptt. BCKV, under the supervision of second author. Abstract In an experimental study for establishing no-tillage rainfed paira crops (grasspea, lentil, mustard & linseed) after transplanted kharif rice, with 3 levels of NPK-fertilizers (0-0-0; 40-20-20; 60-30-30, for oil seeds & 0-0-0, 20-40-40, 30-60-60 for pulses) and with 4 crops [two oil-seed crops (mustard & linseed) and two pulses (grasspea & lentil)], grown as paira crops by broadcasting seeds, over the standing ripe transplanted kharif rice (IR 36), one-day before harvest in West Bengal. The findings as observed, were as follows : i) Oilseeds (mustard/linseed) and pulses (grasspea & lentil) could be raised as paira crop, after transplanted kharif rice, under no-tillage rainfed conditions. ii) The seed and stover yields of mustard and linseed increased with the increasing levels of NPK-fertilizers; while two pulse crops (grasspea & lentil), did not show any yield difference, due to levels of | ||||
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NPK-fertilizer, indicating thereby that rainfed paira (no-tillage relay) oilseeds, needed fertilizer but rainfed paira pulses did not require any fertilizer after transplanted kharif rice. Remarkable improvement of NPK-fertilizer was observed in paira mustard which with highest NPK dose (60 kg N, 30 kg P2O5 and 30 kg K2O/ha), gave the highest seed yield, followed by 40 kg N, 20 kg P2O5 & 20 kg K2O/ha). iii) Net returns of lentil grown as paira crop after kharif rice, was the highest at control treatment of NPK-fertilizer; while in mustard net returns was the highest at 40-20-20 NPK-fertilizer treatment. iv) Paira oilseed crops (mustard & linseed) increased net-returns, with the increased NPK-fertilizer levels; whereas paira pulses (grasspea & lentil) decreased net returns, with the increase of NPK-fertilizer levels. v) Grasspea (Khesari) and lentil may be considered, as smothering crops for weeds. vi) Under rainfed condition, paira oilseeds required 60 kg N, 30 kg P2O5 and 30 kg K2O/ha; while paira pulse crops need not require any NPK fertilizer, when grown after kharif transplanted rice. 7. Das, N. R., Ghosh, N. and Mukherjee, N. N. (1993a). Seed characters and seedling vigour of wheat (Triticum aestivum), after transplanted kharif rice (Oryza sativa), as affected by tillage and fertilizer. Seed Research Special Vol. 2 : 756-762. | ||||
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Abstract Laboratory experiments were set with the materials obtained from field experiments, on wheat, conducted with different tillages and NPK-fertilizers, after kharif transplanted rice. Experiments revealed the following : i) Preparatory tillage with either 2 or 4 ploughings in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) showed higher length and width of seed, higher seed yield, higher percentage of seed germination, higher length of root and shoot of 5-, 10- and 15-day old seedlings, along with higher seedling vigour index of wheat at 5-, 10- and 15-day-old seedling, over zero tillage (without ploughing, but furrow made in between rice-stubbles, for putting seeds only with hand-drawn tine). ii) With the increase of levels of fertilizer (N, P and K) length of root and shoot, number of roots/seedling and seedling-vigour index of wheat increased greatly in 5-, 10- and 15-day-old seedling, along with the increase of seed size, seed germination and seed yields. iii) Hence, either 2 (minimal) or 4 (conventional) ploughings with ladderings, along with 120 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 60 kg K2O/ha in wheat, grown after transplanted kharif rice, was the best for 'seeds' and 'seedlings' of the next season wheat (second generation). | ||||
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iv) After transplanted kharif rice (IR 36), wheat could be grown for good quality seed, with minimal tillage (2 ploughings) and the highest, NPK-fertilizer level (120 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 60 kg K2O/ha). v) Dwarf irrigated wheat could be grown in the same land where preceding transplanted kharif was grown. 8. Das, N. R. and Ghosh, N. (1993). Effect of tillage and N-levels, on yield of rainfed safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) after transplanted wet rice. Proceedings Third International Safflower Conference, held at Beijing, China, during June 14-18, 1993, Page. 403-409. Abstract A two-year field experiment, was conducted on rainfed safflower (Cartharius tinctorius L.), immediately after harvest of transplanted wet rice, in rabi season, at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Farm, Kalyani, West Bengal (22.30N and 88.540E) during 1989-90 and 1990-91, in a medium land, having average soil fertility, fitting in a split-plot design with 3 levels of tillage [0 (paira), 2 and 4 ploughings] and with 4 levels of N (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha). The findings were as follows : i) Minimal tillage (i.e. 2 ploughings), gave maximum grain and stover yield of rainfed safflower, after kharif transplanted rice. ii) Grain and stover yields of safflower were the highest at 60 kg N/ha, though yield increased with the increase of level of N. | ||||
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iii) Minimal tillage with 60 kg N/ha, gave the maximum grain and stover yields, net returns and benefit cost/ratio of sunflower after wet rice, under rainfed conditions, in West Bengal. iv) Possibilities of growing safflower after transplanted wet rice in West Bengal of Eastern India, under rainfed conditions (where rainfall in kharif is very high), were observed. Year 1994 1. Das, N. R. and Das, D. (1994). Productivity evaluation of rainfed winter crops, after transplanted wet rice, under different planting methods. Proceedings Indian Science Congress Association, 81(3) : 24-25. Abstract The field experiment under rainfed condition, in West Bengal, rabi crops (grasspea, cv. Nirmal 1, lentil cv. B 77 and mustard, cv. WR 351), was conducted in medium land with medium soil fertility, during rabi, at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Farm, Kalyani, West Bengal, with 4 planting methods (broadcasting seeds before harvest of kharif rice (BBH) i.e. paira; broadcasting seed after harvest of kharif rice (BAH) no-tillage crop; drilling seeds in conventional tillage with 4 ploughings (DSC) i.e. more tilled and drilling seeds in minimum tillage with 2 ploughings (DSM) i.e. less tilled, in a split-plot design, replicated 4 times. The results obtained were as follows : i) Broadcasting seeds (BBH) of grasspea, lentil and mustard, one-day before the harvest of transplanted | ||||
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kharif rice, under muddy condition, was the best of all planting treatments, in rainfed rice-fallows. This was the paira crop. ii) In respect of seed yields, grasspea (khesari), was the best, followed by lentil; whereas mustard showed the poorest seed yield under rainfed condition, when grown as paira (no-tillage relay) crops. iii) Broadcasting, grasspea seed, one-day after the harvest (BAH) of transplanted kharif rice, gave the maximum seed, stover and biomass yields under rainfed condition. iv) Grasspea, lentil and mustard could be raised with good yields, when seeds were broadcast in muddy/marshy conditions, on standing matured rice, one-day before harvest of rice (as paira crops). v) Grasspea, lentil and mustard could be grown as paira crops, after transplanted kharif rice, under rainfed condition. vi) Stand and yield from BBH (paira) were better than those of BAH (no-tillage), though statistically at par. vii) DSC and DSM were equally good in respect of yields. viii) Untilled crop yields (BBH & BAH) were better than those of tilled crops (DSC & DSM). ix) Broadcasting seeds after the harvest of kharif transplanted rice also gave higher yields of rabi crops. | ||||
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2. Kashyapi, A. and Das, N. R. (1994). Influence of meteorological parameters, on the productivity of different rainfed crop-sequences. National Symposium On Climatic Variability, held at Pune, during Feb. 8-11, 1994. Organised by Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (Pune). Abstract. 8.8.35. Abstract Field experiments were conducted in West Bengal, on 3 main seasons (pre-kharif, kharif and rabi) for growing rainfed crops under different weather parameters in rice-based cropping systems and the findings were recorded as follows : i) Due to better, well distributed rainfall, during pre-kharif, and kharf seasons of the second year of the experimentation, as compared to the seasons of the first year, the yields in both pre-kharif and kharif crops (i.e. jute, mungbean & sesame in pre-kharif and rice in kharif), were higher. ii) Comparatively higher relative humidity during pre-kharif, of the second year was also positively related with higher jute yield, during pre-kharif season of the second year. iii) Temperature, during the first year of the experiment, was slighly lower, during rabi season, as compared to the rabi season of the second year, which was reflected by slight higher grain yield of rabi crops (pulse) in the first year. iv) Hot-high temperature, along with high humidity, was better for jute crop, sesame and mungbean etc. in pre-kharif season. | ||||
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v) Low temperature, with less humidity, was good for pulse crop like lentil, grasspea etc. during rabi season. vi) Variation of crop growth, was due to variation of elements of weather heavily. vii) Hot-humid condition with high rainfall and stangnant water, were good weather parameters for transplanted rice in kharif season. 3. Das, N. R., Das, D. and Ghosh, N. (1994). Effect of rice-stubble height and P., on yields of rainfed paira pea in West Bengal. Proceedings West Bengal State Science Congress, Abstract. 1 : 131. Abstract The field experiment on rainfed paira pea (cv. Arkel), after transplanted kharif rice (IR 36), was conducted during rabi in West Bengal, with 3 levels of rice-stubble height (0, 15 and 30 cm above ground) and two levels of phosphate (0 and 60 kg P2O5/ha), on Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Farm, Kalyani, West Bengal. The following findings were revealed from the experiment : i) Seed and stover yields of rainfed paira pea (cv. Arkel), when seeds were broadcast over the preceding standing matured kharif transplanted rice crop (IR 36), in muddy conditions, one-day before harvest, increased with the increased levels of rice-stubble heights. ii) Maximum seed and stover yields of rainfed pea, grown as paira crop, after transplanted kharif rice, | ||||
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were obtained from 30 cm height of preceding rice-stubble. iii) Seed and stover yields of rainfed paira pea, however, after transplanted kharif rice, did not show any response to phosphate application, indicating thereby that paira pea, did not require phosphate application, though it was a legume crop. iv) Rainfed no-tillage relay (paira) pea in transplanted kharif rice, was a great possibility, to use the rice-fallow in West Bengal, during rabi (winter), season where mild and short winter existed. 4. Ghosh, N., Barman, D. and Das, N. R. (1994). Agro-techniques help to produce better quality seeds of mustard. Proceedings West Bengal State Science Congress, Abstract, 1 : 135. Abstract The experiment, conducted on rainfed mustard (B 85), with 3 tillage levels [0, (as paira), 2 and 4 tillages] and 4 levels of rice-straw mulch (0, 1, 2 and 3 t/ha of mulch), revealed the followings when sown after transplanted kharif rice (IR 36) : i) Maximum seed yield was obtained from two tillages, while four tillages had no better effect. ii) Mulch with rice-straw, improved the seed weight and seed yield of mustard. iii) Interaction effect between two tillages with two tonnes/ha of rice-straw mulching, improved the seed | ||||
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yield, seed volume, seedling height and seedling vigour of mustard. iv) Four tillages with mulch of rice-straw a 3 t/ha resulted in more seedling length and vigour of seedling of mustard, grown under rainfed condition, after transplanted kharif-rice. v) Heavier and larger seeds, could produce seedlings with more weight and more vigour. vi) Different qualities of mustard seeds in respect of seed weight, seed volume, seedling length and vigour, could be improved through different agro-techniques like mulching and tillages. 5. Das, N. R. and Das, D. (1994a). Effect of preceding rice-stubble height and N, on rainfed no-tillage linseed (paira), after transplanted kharif rice. National Symposium On-Integrated Input Management for Efficient Crop Production, held at Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, during Feb. 22-25, 1994. Abstract P.90. Abstract A field experiment, on rainfed no-tillage relay (paira) linseed (Linum usitattissimum), was conducted after transplanted kharif rice (Oryza sativa), to evaluate the crop productivity, with the management of preceding 3 rice-stubble heights (0, 15 and 30 cm above the ground) and 4 nitrogen levels (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg N/ha from urea), in medium land at BCKV Farm, West Bengal. The linseed (cv. Neelam) seeds @ 20 kg/ha, was broadcast, uniformly over the standing transplanted kharif rice (cv. IR 36), under muddy | ||||
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condition, one-day before harvest (October 30) and it was raised with the residual moisture. Half of N was broadcast at 15 days after sowing, (DAS) and the rest at 45 DAS in the evening. The following observations were recorded from the experiments : i) Rice-straw height of 15 cm above the ground, gave the maximum seed and stover yields of paira linseed, after transplanted kharif rice. ii) Seed and stover yield of rainfed no-tillage relay (paira) crop of linseed, increased with the increasing levels of nitrogen, after transplanted kharif rice. iii) Fifteen cm rice-stubble height, with 40 kg N/ha, gave the best combination, for obtaining the maximum seed yield of rainfed paira (no-tillage relay) linseed, after transplanted kharif rice. 6. Das, N. R. and Das, D. (1994a). Establishment of rainfed winter paira crops under preceding rice-stubble height in West Bengal. Advances in Agricultural Research in India, 1 : 7-14. Abstract The 2-year field experiments, on 6 rainfed no-tillage relay (paira) winter crops [grasspea (Lathyrus sativa L., cv. Nirmal 1), lentil (Lens culinaris L., cv. B 77), linseed (Linum usitatissimum L., cv. Neelam), gram (Cicer arietinum L., cv. Mahamaya 1), mustard (Brassica camprestis L., cv. B 85) and pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Arkel), were conducted in low land, after transplanted kharif rice rice (cv. Swarna), during rabi season at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Farms, Kalyani, West Bengal, under 3 rice-stubble heights (0, 15 and 30 cm, above ground), in a split-plot design. | ||||
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The crops were sown, one day before the harvest of transplanted kharif rice, under muddy condition, by broadcasting seeds, in standing crop of kharif rice, harvested on November 7 and 5 in the first and second years. The experiments revealed the following : i) Possibility of growing a good crop of grasspea, lentil linseed, mustard, gram and pea 'as no-tillage relay' (paira) winter crops, after transplanted kharif rice, under rainfed medium land conditions, in West Bengal, were observed, though the yields (seed and stover) were maximum in grasspea, followed by pea, lentil and gram and minimum in mustard, followed by linseed. ii) Seed and stover yields of paira crops, increased with the increase of preceding rice-stubble heights. iii) Net returns were maximum in paira pea, followed by grasspea, gram and lentil; while minimum in mustard. iv) Net returns of paira winter crops, of course, increased with the increase of rice-stubble heights. v) Pea, being a big trailing crop, showed the maximum net returns with 30 cm rice-stubble height. vi) Benefit cost ratio of cultivation of rainfed no-till winter relay crops, after transplanted kharif rice was maximum from grasspea, followed by pea, lentil and gram. | ||||
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vii) Benefit cost ratio of cultivation of rabi paira crops, was maximum in rice-stubble height at ground level, and minimum at 30 cm height, due to high price of straw. 7. Das, N. R. (1994). Effect of cuttings and nitrogen levels, on fodder of oat (Avena sativa) after transplanted rainy reason rice (Oryza sativa). Indian Journal of Agronomy, 39(3) : 477-478. Abstract The field experiment was conducted, on oat (Avena sativa) for fodder, after transplanted kharif rice (Oryza sativa) under rainfed conditions, at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Farm, (Kalyani), West Bengal, during rabi in medium land, to exploit the possibiliies of growing fodder oat under rainfed conditions, after transplanted rainy season rice, with two cutting managements (no-cut and 1 time cut) and 4 levels of N (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha), fitting in split-plot design. The experiemnts revealed the followings : i) Total fodder yield (dry & green) of rainfed oat increased significantly with the increase of levels of N. ii) The green or dry fodder yield of rainfed oat, grown after the transplanted kharif rice, did not show significant difference, due to cutting, though 1-time cut oat gave extra dry fodder yield of 45 q/ha, showing thus 1-time cut was better than no cut of oat, under rainfed condition of West Bengal. iii) Net returns and benefit cost-ratio of rainfed fodder oat, cultivated late in the season, after transplanted | ||||
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rainy season rice, were better in 1 time cutting at 45 days after sowing than those of no-cutting treatment. iv) With the increase of level of N upto 90 kg N/ha, net returns and benefit cost ratio also increased. v) Hence, rainfed oat fodder after transplanted rainy season, gave the maximum returns and benefit cost ratio, when it was cut 1-time at 45 days after sowing, with 90 kg N/ha (from urea). vii) Oat for fodder could be raised after kharif transplanted rice, under rainfed conditions. 8. Das, N. R.; Das, D. and Saharay, S. (1994). Effect of tillage, on seed production and seed quality of rainfed rabi crops, after transplanted kharif rice, Seed Tech News, 24(4) : 35. Abstract The field experiment was conducted during rabi in West Bengal, on different rainfed winter crops (grasspea, lentil, mustard, oat and linseed), after transplanted kharif rice, under different tillage levels [0 (paira), 2 and 4 ploughings]. It was revealed the followings : i) Paira (no-tillage relay) crop 'seed' was good in quality and quantity, under rainfed conditions, after transplanted kharif rice. ii) Mustard seeds under paira crop, though smaller in amount, showed better quality. iii) In general, untilled soil crops, gave better and good amount, along with good quality seed. This seed could be kept for seed purpose. | ||||
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iv) Tilled soil crops (with 2 and 4 ploughings), gave poor performance of seed yield under rainfed condition, after transplanted kharif rice. v) Oat (kent) could be utilized as paira crop, under rainfed conditions, after transplanted kharif rice, for fodder. vi) Grasspea, linseed, mustard, lentil and oat could be grown as paira crops in rainfed rice-fallows. 9. Ghosh, N. and Das, N. R. (1994). Methods of storing germplasm in amaranthus seeds in Gangetic Plains of West Bengal. Seed Tech News, 24(4) : 13-14. Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted on amaranthus seed, obtained from different places, kept in (a) gunny bag/leaf and (b) metal drum, for germination upto 6 and 9 years. It was revealed from the experiemnt the following facts : i) Seeds of amaranthus maintained in metal drum, germinated well (more than 80%), even after 40 months of setting the experiment. ii) In gunny leaf, seed germination was maintained upto 18 months. iii) Seed taken from the cold storage after 20 days and kept in commercially stress condition and was found good for germination for a long time. | ||||
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Year 1995 1. Ghosh, N. and Das, N. R. (1995). Seed production as affected by seed size in "tossa" jute (Corchorus olitorius L.). Proceedings of Indian Science Congress, 82 : 4. Abstract The field experiment on olitorius jute, was conducted in summer (pre-kharif) at University Farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal, with 3 varieties (JRO 632, JRO 524 and JRO 7835) of jute and with 2 gradings (small and large), to findout the variety and grade, suitable for seed quality. i) Large seed produced taller plants than the smaller seeds. This was reflected clearly, if the vegetative growth period was longer, as followed for fibre production. ii) The vegetative growth period was shorter, if they were sown only for seed production purpose, late in the season during July. Under that condition even the plant height was not so acute; there was difference in number of fruit setting and seed yield. ii) Plant from larger seeds produced more number of pods and higher yield per plant. 2. Das, N. R. and Ghosh, N. (1995). No-tillage relay cropping under rainfed rice-based 3-crop systems in West Bengal. Indian Science Congress, 82 : 38. | ||||
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Abstract The field experiments were conducted in rabi, under rainfed condition, after transplanted kharif rice (IR 36), on grasspea, (Nirmal 1), linseed (Neelam), mustard (B 85), lentil (B 77) and Oat (Kent), with 3 tillage numbers, (paira); minimal (i.e. two ploughings) and conventional (i.e. 4 ploughings) with desi plough, to fit in the rice-based 3-crop systems, in the University Farm (Kalyani), in West Bengal. In the summer, groundnut (ICGV 86124) and in kharif transplanted rice (IR 36), were grown, to evaluate the residual and cumulative effect of the previous treatments, given in rabi season. The main findings were as follows : i) Under rainfed condition, paira crops like grasspea (Khesari) linseed, mustard, lentil and oat could be raised by broadcasting the seeds, one-day before the paddy, harvest of kharif transplanted rice, in muddy condition, without any ploughing. ii) Out of 5 crops, grasspea or lentil was better in seed yield production, followed by linseed and oat. iii) Following the paira cropping system, rice-based 3-crop system like "grasspea-groundnut-rice" or 'lentil-groundnut-rice' could be raised under rainfed condition, in a year, with good yields. iv) Seed production of mustard was not good in paira mustard. 3. Das, N. R., Bhanja, N. and Das, D. (1995). Effect of preceding rice-straw heights and N-levels on yields of rainfed 'paira' linseed. West Bengal State Science Congress. 2 : 31. | ||||
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Abstract The field experiments were conducted in split-plot design, on linseed (Linum usitattissimum L.) after transplanted kharif rice (Oryza sativa), at B.C.K.V. Farm Kalyani, West Bengal, in medium land, under rainfed condition, to explore the possibilities of growing rainfed 'paira' crop, with 3 levels of preceding rice-straw heights (0, 15 and 30 cm, above the ground) and 4 levels of N (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg N/ha from urea), under West Bengal conditions, under '3-crop system' (i.e. Jute-rice-linseed). The findings were as follows: i) The experiments revealed that with the increase of levels of preceding rice-straw heights, seed and stover yields of rainfed paira linseed increased. ii) With the increase of levesl of N, seed and stover yields of rainfed paira linseed also increased. iii) Seed and stover yields of rainfed paira linseed after transplanted kharif rice, however, were maximum under 15 cm rice-straw height, with 60 kg N/ha. iv) Economically, of course, 30 cm rice-straw height with 40 kg N/ha, gave the maximum returns. 4. Ghosh, N. and Das, N. R. (1995). Seed yield as affected by seed vigour in 'Tossa jute'. West Bengal State Science Congress, 2 : 196, (held at Calcutta, during March 28 to April 2, 1995). Abstract Experiemnts were conducted, on jute for seed production with 2 varieties (JRO 632 and JRO 524) and two gradings (small and large seeds) at BCKV Farm, West Bengal, to explore the possibility | ||||
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of getting more seed yield under rainfed condition. The observations, revealed from the experiments, were as follows : i) Larger seed sown, produced more seed yield of jute, when planted in time. ii) Yield & yield components of jute from larger seed were high, because of more of good vigour (SVI-seed vigour index). iii) Germination from larger seeds was also higher. iv) Big size seeds of jute (tossa) were always preferred for higher fibre yield production. 5. Das, N. R. and Datta, B. 1995, Weed flora in rainfed rice-based 3-crop system under biofertilizer and N-levels in West Bengal. World Weeds, 2(1) : 11-18. Abstract The field experiments in 3 seasons (rabi, pre-kharif & kharif) were conducted under rainfed 3-crop systems, growing 3 biofertilizers (Sesbania aculeata, S. rostrata and Corchorus olitorius, including fallow (control) in summer (pre-kharif) for kharif transplanted rice, grown with 3 levels of N (0, 50 and 100 kg N/ha). No-tillage relay (paira) lentil was grown in winter (rabi), with the residual moisture, to findout the types and intensities of weed infestation in the rice-based cropping system, fitting in a split plot design, keeping biofertilizers in main plots and N-level in sub-plot at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Farm, Kalyani, West Bengal (India). | ||||