HOŞ GELDİNİZ

His father was an electrician who was interested in electrical inventions. He was unsuccessful in his business, and as soon as Albert was born.So  Einstein's parents moved from Ulm to Munich when Einstein was an infant.

As a child Einstein was very lonely and shy. He preferred to play with himself in the parks and forests. According to family legend he was a slow talker at first, pausing to consider what he would say.

When he was four and sick in bed, Albert Einstein’s father gave him a magnetic compass. Albert practiced turning the compass every which way, soon becoming fascinated by the new toy. No matter which way he turned it, the needle would always point in the same direction.The compass  profoundly impressed  him. The compass convinced him that there had to be "something behind things, something deeply hidden.Altough he was a small boy, he was self-sufficient and thoughtful.It may even be that, Einstein’s genius and fascination with nature pointed him toward a life of scientific discovery.

 Later in his life as a kid, Einstein's uncle Jacob introduced him to mathematics and specifically, equations

The family business was the manufacture of electrical apparatus; when the business failed (1894), the family moved from Munich to Milan, Italy. At this time Einstein decided officially to relinquish his German citizenship. Within a year, still without having completed secondary school.

When he was sixteen(1895) he renounced his citizenship in order to avoid joining the German army, and moved to Switzerland. He was advised to study at a Swiss school to complete secondary school  in Aarau. Here his teachers were humane and his ideas were set free

From a classroom essay Einstein wrote in French at the age of 16, explaining why he would like to study theoretical mathematics or physics:……..

Einstein's essay for the Aarau school, written in French.

My plans for the future.

A happy man is too content with the present to think much about the future. On the other hand it is young people above all who like to occupy themselves with bold plans.... If I should have the good fortune to pass my examinations, I would go to the Zürich polytechnical school. I would stay there for four years in order to study mathematics and physics. I see myself becoming a teacher in these branches of the natural sciences, choosing the theoretical part of these sciences.

Here are the reasons that led me to this plan. Above all it is my individual disposition for abstract and mathematical thought... And then there is a certain independence in the scientific profession which greatly pleases me.

 Einstein graduated from the Aarau school and  sought enrollment  to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. He took the entrance examination but he did not pass the entrance exam as a result of his poor French.. However, after a year of reading on his own, he passed the exam and Einstein entered to the Institute of Technology in Zurich(1896).  Around this time he recognized that physics was his true subject.

In Institute of Technology, Einstein grew familiar with the successes of past scientists who had tried to explain the world entirely through atoms or fluids, interacting like parts of a machine. But he learned that Maxwell's theory of electricity and magnetism was defying efforts to reduce it to mechanical processes.

At the Zurich Polytechnic had a romance  between the handsome and witty would-be science teacher and a young Serbian woman, Mileva Maric, the only woman in Albert's physics class.

After four years studying math and physics at the Institute of Technology, he graduated as a secondary school teacher of mathematics and physics(1900). In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship After Einstein graduated, he made a number of efforts to get a university job, and failed. He found only occasional jobs on the periphery of the academic world.

Einstein submitted one of his scientific papers to the University of Zurich to obtain a Ph.D. degree in 1905 . As a result of his 1905 papers, Einstein was regarded as the rising star of theoretical physics.On March, May and June , 1905, he published three immortal scientific  papers.

In 1908 he sent a second paper to the University of Bern and became privatdocent, or lecturer, there.Einstein's began to attract respect with his published papers, and in 1909 he was appointed associate professor at the University of Zurich. He was also invited to present his theories before the annual convention of German scientists. He met many people he had known only through their writings, such as the physicist Max Planck of Berlin. Soon Einstein was invited to the German University in Prague as full professor. Here he met a visiting Austrian physicist, Paul Ehrenfest. "Within a few hours we were true friends," Einstein recalled, "as though our dreams and aspirations were made for each other.

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He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton.

            Mileva complained "I am very starved for love." Einstein felt suffocated in the increasingly strained and gloomy relationship. He found solace in a love affair with his cousin, Elsa Löwenthal. Mileva and Albert separated in 1914, after bitter arguments, and divorced in 1919. That same year he married Elsa Löwenthal.

In 1916, about halfway through the First World War, Einstein published his famous General Theory of Relativity. In this new theory, one of the main predictions was concerned with the deflection of light in a gravitational field. This prediction was tested during the May, 1919 Solar Eclipse by two British Astronomer eclipse expeditions. The results from these expeditions agreed with Einstein's' theory, and laid the foundation for Einstein's' world fame; he became an overnight celebrity. In November 1921, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics. His theory of relativity, however, was still controversial. One winter while Einstein was abroad, a group of anti-semitic German physicists rejected the theory of relativity as an erroneous Jewish theory. At that time, 2,000 books were burned outside the opera house in Berlin. To them Albert Einstein was not a celebrated genius; he was a communist, an anti-German, and a Jew!

During the 1930's, Einstein spent several winters in the United States as a visiting professor at Caltech. In 1933, while he was abroad, Hitler came to power in Germany. That same year, Einstein accepted a permanent appointment at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, and in 1941, he became a United States citizen.

Einstein surrendered his lifelong pacifism in 1939, when he wrote a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt encouraging the President to begin atomic weapon research. He felt uneasy about the rise in power of Nazi Germany and was told that German physicists had split the uranium atom. A citation like this could create a nuclear chain reaction permitting large amounts of radium elements and huge amounts of energy to be produced.

It was on March 25, 1945 that Einstein sent a second letter to President Roosevelt warning him of the cataclysmic and destructive outcome that would result if an atomic bomb were ever actually used. President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945 and the letter lay on his desk, unopened!

The first atomic bombs were successfully tested in July, 1945. Then on August 6th, 1945, an American plane dropped a bomb onto the Japanese city of Hiroshima, killing or injuring 140,000 people. Three days later on August 9th, the Americans dropped a plutonium bomb over Nagasaki, killing 60,000 men, women and children.

On April 18, 1955 Albert Einstein, one of the greatest natural philosophers of all time, died, leaving behind a legacy of thought-provoking scientific theories.

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