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Quotes of the Day		 [gangsta rap] music is likely to increase their belief that men and women have adversarial relationships.  (Wester, et. al.,1997)  Some more findings �suggest that misogynous music facilitates sexually aggressive behavior and support the relationship between cognitive distortions and sexual aggression.�  (Barongan, et. al., 1995)  Yet another study came out suggesting �that the social themes contained in rap music videos can produce potent and predictable effects on viewers' subsequent impressions and social judgments through the mechanism of cognitive priming.� (Hansen, 1995)  And one study in which mental patients were exposed to different types of music found �more inappropriate behavior was observed when hard rock and rap music were played than when easy listening and country western music were played.�  (Harris, et. al., 1992)  Apparently no studies were done on pop music.
    In conclusion, I want to make apparent that there are definitely different degrees of sexism in music today.  Obviously rap is the most extreme, followed by rock, in which you will find fewer sexist songs, down to pop where it is very few and very subtle. In my opinion, the worst is over. Things are getting better and I have noticed that the most in rock, followed by pop.  It seemed to worsen in the 1970�s when artists were given more freedom which the young public was receptive to.  It grew a little more in the 1980�s with the �hair bands� and peaked with the early to mid 1990�s at the height of gangsta rap that now has lost most of its popularity.  But even though things are looking better, the psychological findings are staring us in the face and we should feel the need to intervene when it comes to our children.  The easy, effective way is to boycott it.




Bibliography

Barongan, Christy; Hall, Gordon C Nagayama.  �The influence of misogynous rap music onsexual aggression against women.�  Psychologyof Women Quarterly.  Jun. 1995:195-207.

�Contemporary Urban Music:  Controversial Messages in Hip-Hop and RapLyrics.�  Sistahspace.com.  Dated 1995. International Society for General Semantics.  Viewed Apr. 6, 2001.  <http://www.sistahspace.com/nommo/mv13.html>

Gregory, Deborah.  �Rapping Back.� Essence.  Aug.1991:  60-65.

Hall, Pamela D.  �Therelationship between types of rap music and memory in African Americanchildren.�  Journal of Black Studies.  Jul. 1998: 802-814

Hansen,Christine Hall. �Predicting cognitive and behavioral effects of gangsta rap.�  Basic-and-Applied-Social-Psychology.  Feb. 1995: 43-52.

Harris, Clarke S; Bradley, Richard J; Titus, Sharon K.  �A comparison of the effects of hard rockand easy listening on the frequency of observed inappropriate behaviors:Control of environmental antecedents in a large public area.�  Journal-of-Music-Therapy. Spr. 1992:6-17.

http://www.lyrics.astraweb.comViewed Apr. 28, 2001.

Morgan,Joan.  �White Noise.�  Ms.  Aug./Sep. 1999:  96.

Powers,Ann.  �A Couple of Clowns Who Take theName Seriously.�  The New York Times.  Aug. 24, 1999:  E.5.

Wester, Stephen R; Crown, Cynthia L; Quatman, Gerald L; Heesacker,Martin.  �The influence of sexually violent rap music on attitudes of men with little prior exposure.�  Psychology-of-Women-Quarterly. Dec.1997: 497-508.
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