Opening
Remarks
American Labor's
Second Century
Toward a Federation
of Labor
Federation of
Organized Trades & Labor Unions
A Testing Period
and Growth
Women in the Unions
Wartime Gains
and Post-War Challenges
From Murdered
Miners to Shiny Dimes
Depression, War and
A Labor Schism Healed
The AFL-CIO Years
On the Farm:
Workers Seek Equality
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FROM
MURDERED MINERS TO SHINY DIMES
One chapter of the history of
early-century industrial conflicts involved John D. Rockefeller, the
first tycoon of the age of energy and the creator of the Standard Oil
complex of corporations.
Rockefeller controlled the Colorado Fuel & Iron Corporation, whose
coal miners went on strike in 1914. With their families, they were
promptly evicted from company-owned homes in Ludlow, Colorado.
They moved into a cluster of tents, around which National Guard soldiers
took positions and at night occasionally fired their rifles into the
colony. To protect the children, the miners dug a cave under the largest
tent. But on Easter night 1914, company-hired gunmen and some of the
National Guard poured oil over the strikers' tents and set them on fire.
As the frantic miners and their families ran for safety in the night,
they were machine-gunned. Some escaped, some were wounded and
thirteen children and a pregnant woman in the recently dug cave all
died-some with gun wounds, some from suffocation.
The nationwide protest against the killings on Rockefeller property were
immediate and long sustained. Eventually, it led Rockefeller, the
nation's first billionaire, to hire Ivy Lee, an early public relations
man, to repair John D.'s sullied reputation.
Even as an old man, Rockefeller continued to hand out shiny new dimes to
little children in the effort to erase the Ludlow image-but among the
miners and workers in many other unions, the memory of Ludlow persists
like an endless bad dream.
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