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94% of child deaths take place in just 60 countries, says study
WILL DUNHAM IN WASHINGTON

EGYPT made the most progress among developing countries in cutting the deaths of children aged under five from 1990 to 2005, while Iraq deteriorated the most, a British-based charity said in a report released today.

Save the Children tracked child mortality trends in 60 developing countries during this period. Twenty either made no progress in reducing these deaths or had higher death rates.

The 60 countries accounted for 94 per cent of child deaths worldwide, the report said. About 10.2 million children under five die each year around the world - 99 per cent in developing nations amid poverty, disease and malnutrition - with 28,000 deaths a day.

Nearly three-quarters of all such deaths were due to pneumonia, diarrhoea and problems such as premature birth, birth asphyxia and birth defects, the report said.

"These aren't intractable problems," wrote Dr William Foege, of the Emory University School of Public Health, in a foreword accompanying the report.

"It is simply wrong for only the few to have access to all of the tools for survival because of where they live."

Deaths of children under five declined 68 per cent in Egypt from 1990 to 2005, the report said. Iraq, gripped by war since a US-led invasion in March 2003 and subjected to years of economic sanctions before that, had a 150 per cent increase in child mortality, it added.

"Even before the latest war, Iraqi mothers and children were facing a grave humanitarian crisis caused by years of repression, conflict and external sanctions," the report said.

Wartime electricity shortages, insufficient clean water, deteriorating health services and soaring inflation have worsened already difficult living conditions, it said.

In 2005, it added, 122,000 Iraqi children - one in eight - died before the age of five, half in the first month of life.

The report also ranked 140 countries for how good they are for mothers and children, based on a number of factors. Sweden, Iceland and Norway were top. Niger was last.

The report called Egypt a success story. "They have invested in extending access to basic maternal, newborn and child health services," David Oot, Save the Children's health director said.

"The country has aimed to reduce the fertility rate, reduce the maternal mortality rate and improve pregnancy outcomes. Since 1990, use of contraceptives has increased to nearly 60 per cent, " the report said.

Joining Egypt among the five most improved were: Indonesia, with a 60 per cent lower child death rate amid major investments in public health; Bangladesh, 51 per cent lower; Nepal, 49 per cent lower; and the Philippines, 47 per cent lower.

Joining Iraq among the nations whose child death rates deteriorated the most were Botswana, 107 per cent worse; Zimbabwe, 65 per cent worse; and Swaziland, 45 per cent worse.

Making the right choices was critical, according to Dr Oot. That often meant training village health workers rather than investing in hospitals.

"In many countries, up to 90 per cent of babies are born at home," Dr Oot said. "If you fail to get to those communities, you will not save those lives."

Life-saving measures such as vaccines, oral rehydration therapy for diarrhoea, and insecticide-treated mosquito nets for malaria were inexpensive, but remained out of reach in many places, said Charles MacCormack, the president of Save the Children.

The report said the highest child mortality rates were in Sierra Leone, with 282 deaths of under-fives per 1,000 live births; Angola, at 260 per 1,000; Afghanistan, at 257 per 1,000; and Niger, at 256 per 1,000. India leads the world, with 1.9 million children under five dying each year.

Source: news.scotsman.com

7 Sri Lankans said that they were duped into Iraq by a job agent after promising them jobs in Dubai.

Sri Lankan worker Karunapandy Jeyaruban, who arrived from Iraq, shows his passport with the Iraq visa at his residence in Vavuniya. A group of 17 Sri Lankans said that they were duped into Iraq by a job agent after promising them jobs in Dubai. AP Photo -Daily News lk 20/02/2007

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 JOB DESCRIPTION FOR POLITICIANS (OR 5 YEAR DICTATOR)

Our current system in South Africa is so much better than pre 1994 but it lacks accountability. The primary allegiance the proportional representatives have is to their own political party. The 50% of the local government councillors that have a constituency can at least be identified by the electorate but still are not accountable. We, the electorate, are the shareholders of South Africa Ltd. and employers of our politicians. We choose them and pay their salaries. We must be able to directly control the politicians.

 A combination of:

 1. Constituency (Wards at all three levels of Government)

 2. Top-up proportional representation

 3. Portfolio positions (Ministers etc)

 4. Recall of politicians (firing of politicians by the voters before the end of their 5 year term)

 5. And referendum with initiative mechanisms where the electorate can reject or propose legislation and change the constitution.

 should work the best for the employers of politicians, the voters.

 The ANC would have won 80% of the seats on a constituent basis. The top up proportional vote would counter this. The ANC that obtained 69% proportional votes would then not receive any proportional seats, but would be able to appoint ministers as extra positions, as would the official opposition appoint shadow ministers. A political party that did not win any constituency seats but obtained 2% proportional votes would then be allocated 2% of the seats.

 An employment advert for a politician in South Africa under the current system (and generally throughout the world) should read as follows: Applicants are requested to submit their CV's for the position of politician:

 1. The interview will last for a number of months.

 2. Many thousands, or even millions, of your potential employers (voters) will decide whether your application will be successful

 3. Should you be successful, you are guaranteed employment for 5 years unless you resign, die, are found guilty of a serious crime (we can talk about this one) or upset the group of people (political party) that you choose to be employed with.

 4. Your CV does not have to be accurate or truthful

 5. You can ignore your employers (the voters) for the whole of the 5 years, and even go against the wishes or your employers.

 6. Your employers are relying on your goodwill and integrity, to act honestly and with dignity. But if you choose not to, there is nothing that your employers, can do about it.

 7. Your employers understand that the basic rules of operation (SA Constitution), created in 1994, is, in many ways, much better than the vast majority of basic rules of many other countries and so much better than pre 1994 and also note that basic rules created in many ways for the benefit of yourselves (politicians) and detriment of the employer (voter) and as a result you, the employee, will be in charge of us, the employers (voters).

 8. We recognise that many politicians, from 1994, have done sterling jobs and others have done a terrible job but we, the voters (and employers), will not able to remove you from our employment or payroll if we are not happy with your performance.

 9. We, the voters (employers) will not be able to control you (politicians – employees).

 10. If are successful you could change the basic rules (constitution) then you, the politician and employee, would then not govern us but represent us. This will be under your control and we recognize from the past that you are not likely give the power to your employers.

 11. We, your employers, would like you to listen to us (employers and voters) all the time and do as we instruct you, not just play lip service for a month and then disappear for 5 years. It is your choice whether you will do this.

 12. We would like you create a system to have an individual at every level of government that we can go to, so we would like to have constituencies at Central, Provincial and Local levels. Please put this in if you are elected

 13. We will rename the position of "politician" to "5 year dictator" since this more accurately describes the position on offer. When you give the power to your employers we will rename the position to representative.

 Jim Powell (+27) 0118041335 0825712856 [email protected]

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	World

Introduction

World

Background:

Globally, the 20th century was marked by: (a) two devastating world wars; (b) the Great Depression of the 1930s; (c) the end of vast colonial empires; (d) rapid advances in science and technology, from the first airplane flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina (US) to the landing on the moon; (e) the Cold War between the Western alliance and the Warsaw Pact nations; (f) a sharp rise in living standards in North America, Europe, and Japan; (g) increased concerns about the environment, including loss of forests, shortages of energy and water, the decline in biological diversity, and air pollution; (h) the onset of the AIDS epidemic; and (i) the ultimate emergence of the US as the only world superpower. The planet's population continues to explode: from 1 billion in 1820, to 2 billion in 1930, 3 billion in 1960, 4 billion in 1974, 5 billion in 1988, and 6 billion in 2000. For the 21st century, the continued exponential growth in science and technology raises both hopes (e.g., advances in medicine) and fears (e.g., development of even more lethal weapons of war).

Geography

World

Map references:	Physical Map of the World, Political Map of the World, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:	total: 510.072 million sq km land: 148.94 million sq km water: 361.132 million sq km note: 70.8% of the world's surface is water, 29.2% is land
Area - comparative:	land area about 16 times the size of the US
Land boundaries:	the land boundaries in the world total 250,708 km (not counting shared boundaries twice); two nations, China and Russia, each border 14 other countries note: 44 nations and other areas are landlocked, these include: Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Holy See (Vatican City), Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Rwanda, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe; two of these, Liechtenstein and Uzbekistan, are doubly landlocked
Coastline:	356,000 km note: 98 nations and other entities are islands that border no other countries, they include: American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Baker Island, Barbados, Bassas da India, Bermuda, Bouvet Island, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Clipperton Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Comoros, Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominica, Europa Island, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Faroe Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Greenland, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Howland Island, Iceland, Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jan Mayen, Japan, Jarvis Island, Jersey, Johnston Atoll, Juan de Nova Island, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Madagascar, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Midway Islands, Montserrat, Nauru, Navassa Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Palmyra Atoll, Paracel Islands, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Spratly Islands, Sri Lanka, Svalbard, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tromelin Island, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Virgin Islands, Wake Island, Wallis and Futuna, Taiwan
Maritime claims:	a variety of situations exist, but in general, most countries make the following claims measured from the mean low-tide baseline as described in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: territorial sea - 12 nm, contiguous zone - 24 nm, and exclusive economic zone - 200 nm; additional zones provide for exploitation of continental shelf resources and an exclusive fishing zone; boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200nm
Climate:	a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates - bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones - that separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climates
Terrain:	the greatest ocean depth is the Mariana Trench at 10,924 m in the Pacific Ocean
Elevation extremes:	lowest point: Bentley Subglacial Trench -2,540 m note: in the oceanic realm, Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench is the lowest point, lying -10,924 m below the surface of the Pacific Ocean highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m
Natural resources:	the rapid depletion of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and the deterioration in air and water quality (especially in Eastern Europe, the former USSR, and China) pose serious long-term problems that governments and peoples are only beginning to address
Land use:	arable land: 13.31% permanent crops: 4.71% other: 81.98% (2005)
Irrigated land:	2,770,980 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:	large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions)
Environment - current issues:	large areas subject to overpopulation, industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of wildlife, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion
Geography - note:	the world is now thought to be about 4.55 billion years old, just about one-third of the 13-billion-year age estimated for the universe

People

World

Population:	6,525,170,264 (July 2006 est.)
Age structure:	0-14 years: 27.4% (male 919,219,446/female 870,242,271) 15-64 years: 65.2% (male 2,152,066,888/female 2,100,334,722) 65 years and over: 7.4% (male 213,160,216/female 270,146,721) note: some countries do not maintain age structure information, thus a slight discrepancy exists between the total world population and the total for world age structure (2006 est.)
Median age:	total: 27.6 years male: 27 years female: 28.2 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate:	1.14% (2006 est.)
Birth rate:	20.05 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate:	8.67 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio:	at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate:	total: 48.87 deaths/1,000 live births male: 50.98 deaths/1,000 live births female: 46.65 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:	total population: 64.77 years male: 63.16 years female: 66.47 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate:	2.59 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:	NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:	NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths:	NA
Religions:	Christians 33.03% (of which Roman Catholics 17.33%, Protestants 5.8%, Orthodox 3.42%, Anglicans 1.23%), Muslims 20.12%, Hindus 13.34%, Buddhists 5.89%, Sikhs 0.39%, Jews 0.23%, other religions 12.61%, non-religious 12.03%, atheists 2.36% (2004 est.)
Languages:	Mandarin Chinese 13.69%, Spanish 5.05%, English 4.84%, Hindi 2.82%, Portuguese 2.77%, Bengali 2.68%, Russian 2.27%, Japanese 1.99%, Standard German 1.49%, Wu Chinese 1.21% (2004 est.) note: percents are for "first language" speakers only
Literacy:	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 82% male: 87% female: 77% note: over two-thirds of the world's 785 million illiterate adults are found in only eight countries (India, China, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Indonesia, and Egypt); of all the illiterate adults in the world, two-thirds are women; extremely low literacy rates are concentrated in three regions, South and West Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Arab states, where around one-third of the men and half of all women are illiterate (2005 est.)

Government

World

Administrative divisions:	268 nations, dependent areas, and other entities
Legal system:	all members of the UN are parties to the statute that established the International Court of Justice (ICJ) or World Court

Economy

World

Economy - overview:	Global output rose by 4.4% in 2005, led by China (9.3%), India (7.6%), and Russia (5.9%). The other 14 successor nations of the USSR and the other old Warsaw Pact nations again experienced widely divergent growth rates; the three Baltic nations continued as strong performers, in the 7% range of growth. Growth results posted by the major industrial countries varied from no gain for Italy to a strong gain by the United States (3.5%). The developing nations also varied in their growth results, with many countries facing population increases that erode gains in output. Externally, the nation-state, as a bedrock economic-political institution, is steadily losing control over international flows of people, goods, funds, and technology. Internally, the central government often finds its control over resources slipping as separatist regional movements - typically based on ethnicity - gain momentum, e.g., in many of the successor states of the former Soviet Union, in the former Yugoslavia, in India, in Iraq, in Indonesia, and in Canada. Externally, the central government is losing decisionmaking powers to international bodies, notably the EU. In Western Europe, governments face the difficult political problem of channeling resources away from welfare programs in order to increase investment and strengthen incentives to seek employment. The addition of 80 million people each year to an already overcrowded globe is exacerbating the problems of pollution, desertification, underemployment, epidemics, and famine. Because of their own internal problems and priorities, the industrialized countries devote insufficient resources to deal effectively with the poorer areas of the world, which, at least from an economic point of view, are becoming further marginalized. The introduction of the euro as the common currency of much of Western Europe in January 1999, while paving the way for an integrated economic powerhouse, poses economic risks because of varying levels of income and cultural and political differences among the participating nations. The terrorist attacks on the US on 11 September 2001 accentuated a further growing risk to global prosperity, illustrated, for example, by the reallocation of resources away from investment to anti-terrorist programs. The opening of war in March 2003 between a US-led coalition and Iraq added new uncertainties to global economic prospects. After the coalition victory, the complex political difficulties and the high economic cost of establishing domestic order in Iraq became major global problems that continued through 2006.
GDP (purchasing power parity):	GWP (gross world product): $65 trillion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):	$46.66 trillion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:	5.1% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):	$10,000 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:	agriculture: 4% industry: 32% services: 64% (2004 est.)
Labor force:	3.001 billion (2005 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:	agriculture: 41% industry: 20.7% services: 38.4% (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate:	30% combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%-12% unemployment
Household income or consumption by percentage share:	lowest 10%: 2.5% highest 10%: 29.9% (2002 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):	developed countries 1% to 4% typically; developing countries 5% to 20% typically; national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases, from declining prices in Japan to hyperinflation in one Third World countries (Zimbabwe); inflation rates have declined for most countries for the last several years, held in check by increasing international competition from several low wage countries (2005 est.)
Industries:	dominated by the onrush of technology, especially in computers, robotics, telecommunications, and medicines and medical equipment; most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a small portion of non-OECD countries have succeeded in rapidly adjusting to these technological forces; the accelerated development of new industrial (and agricultural) technology is complicating already grim environmental problems
Industrial production growth rate:	3% (2003 est.)
Electricity - production:	17.15 trillion kWh (2004 est.)
Electricity - production by source:	fossil fuel: NA hydro: NA nuclear: NA other: NA
Electricity - consumption:	16.18 trillion kWh (2004 est.)
Electricity - exports:	562.2 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - imports:	568.5 billion kWh (2004)
Oil - production:	83 million bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - consumption:	82.59 million bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - proved reserves:	1.326 trillion bbl (1 January 2002 est.)
Natural gas - production:	2.824 trillion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:	2.82 trillion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - exports:	810.9 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - imports:	828 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:	172.2 trillion cu m (1 January 2005 est.)
Exports:	$12.45 trillion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Exports - commodities:	the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
Exports - partners:	US 15.6%, Germany 7.4%, China 5.7%, France 4.9%, UK 4.7%, Japan 4.5% (2005)
Imports:	$12.08 trillion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Imports - commodities:	the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
Imports - partners:	China 9.3%, Germany 9%, US 9%, Japan 6.1%, France 4.2% (2005)
Debt - external:	$44.62 trillion note: this figure is the sum total of all countries' external debt, both public and private (2004 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:	$154 billion official development assistance (ODA) (2004)

Communications

World

Telephones - main lines in use:	1,263,367,600 (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular:	2,168,433,600 (2005)
Telephone system:	general assessment: NA domestic: NA international: NA
Radio broadcast stations:	AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
Radios:	NA
Television broadcast stations:	NA
Televisions:	NA
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):	10,350 (2000 est.)
Internet users:	1,018,057,389 (2005)

Transportation

World

Airports:	49,024 (2006)
Heliports:	2,021 (2006)
Railways:	total: 1,115,205 km broad gauge: 257,481 km standard gauge: 671,413 km narrow gauge: 186,311 km (2003)
Roadways:	total: 32,345,165 km paved: 19,403,061 km unpaved: 12,942,104 km (2002)
Waterways:	671,886 km (2004)
Merchant marine:	total: 33,222 ships (1000 GRT or over) (2006)

Military

World

Military expenditures - dollar figure:	aggregate real expenditure on arms worldwide has increased in the beginning of the 21st century, with the largest increase in the US; a rough estimate for 2005 is $1.2 trillion (at puchasing power parity) (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:	roughly 2% of gross world product (2005 est.)

Transnational Issues

World

Disputes - international:	stretching over 250,000 km, the world's 329 international land boundaries separate the 193 independent states and 73 dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, and other miscellaneous entities; ethnicity, culture, race, religion, and language have divided states into separate political entities as much as history, physical terrain, political fiat, or conquest, resulting in sometimes arbitrary and imposed boundaries; maritime states have claimed limits and have so far established over 130 maritime boundaries and joint development zones to allocate ocean resources and to provide for national security at sea; boundary, borderland/resource, and territorial disputes vary in intensity from managed or dormant to violent or militarized; most disputes over the alignment of political boundaries are confined to short segments and are today less common and less hostile than borderland, resource, and territorial disputes; undemarcated, indefinite, porous, and unmanaged boundaries, however, encourage illegal cross-border activities, uncontrolled migration, and confrontation; territorial disputes may evolve from historical and/or cultural claims, or they may be brought on by resource competition; ethnic and cultural clashes continue to be responsible for much of the territorial fragmentation around the world; disputes over islands at sea or in rivers frequently form the source of territorial and boundary conflict; other sources of contention include access to water and mineral (especially petroleum) resources, fisheries, and arable land; nonetheless, most nations cooperate to clarify their international boundaries and to resolve territorial and resource disputes peacefully; regional discord today prevails not so much between the armed forces of independent states as between stateless armed entities that detract from the sustenance and welfare of local populations, leaving the community of nations to cope with resultant refugees, hunger, disease, impoverishment, and environmental degradation
Refugees and internally displaced persons:	the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimated that in December 2005 there was a global population of 8.4 million registered refugees, the lowest number in 26 years, and as many as 23.7 million IDPs in more than 50 countries; the actual global population of refugees is probably closer to 10 million given the estimated 1.5 million Iraqi refugees displaced throughout the Middle East (2006)
Trafficking in persons:	current situation: about 600,000 to 800,000 people, mostly women and children, are trafficked annually across national borders, not including millions trafficked within their own countries; at least 80% of the victims are female; 75% of all victims are trafficked into commercial sexual exploitation; roughly two-thirds of the global victims are trafficked intra-regionally within East Asia and the Pacific (260,000 to 280,000 people) and Europe and Eurasia (170,000 to 210,000 people)
Illicit drugs:	cocaine: worldwide coca cultivation in 2004 amounted to 166,200 hectares; Colombia produced slightly more than two-thirds of the worldwide crop, followed by Peru and Bolivia; potential pure cocaine production of 645 metric tons in 2004 marked the lowest level of Andean cocaine production in the past 10 years; Colombia conducts aggressive coca eradication campaign, but both Peruvian and Bolivian Governments are hesitant to eradicate coca in key growing areas; 376 metric tons of export-quality cocaine are documented to have been seized in 2003, and 26 metric tons disrupted (jettisoned or destroyed); consumption of export quality cocaine is estimated to have been 800 metric tons opiates: worldwide illicit opium poppy cultivation reached 258,630 hectares in 2004; potential opium production of 5,444 metric tons was highest total recorded since estimates began in mid-1980s; Afghanistan is world's primary opium producer, accounting for 91% of the global supply; Southeast Asia - responsible for 7% of global opium - continued to diminish in importance in the world opium market; Latin America produced 2% of global opium, but most refined into heroin destined for United States; if all opium processed into pure heroin, the potential global production would be 632 metric tons of heroin in 2004

This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

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