CONTRIBUTION OF

Religions that took their origin from the Dravidian race are known as Dravidian religions. Of the five continents, Asia is the birthplace of Major World Religions. Dravidian religions viz., Jainism, Buddhism, Six-fold religion (Saivism, Vaishnavism…) and Sikhism were founded in India. Other religions like the Religion of Israel, Judaism, Christianity and Islam were founded in Asia but outside India.

The common father of Islam, Christianity, Judaism and Israelites’ religion was Abraham (Ibrahim) It is referred that Abraham was from a place called ‘Ur’ 1 , the Capital of the Sumerian Kings. (‘Ur ’ is a Tamil word for a village or a town.) History reveals a close connection between Indus Valley Dravidians and Sumerians.

“At some time before the dawn of history, people whom we called Sumerians moved into Babylonia from the East.”2

“The origin of the Sumerians is not known, though theories on this include migration from the East”. 3

“The history of the Sumerians falls into three periods: a) early Sumerian, 3000 – 2700 bc; b)classic Sumerian, 2700 – 2250 bc; c) Neo – Sumerian, 2100 – 1960 bc. It is reconstructed in each of these respective periods chiefly from the epic poems, scattered historic records and hundreds of thousands of business documents”. 4

“The archeological evidence seems to show cultural influence on southern Mesopotamia both from the east and from the north”. 5

Influence of Semitics on Sumerian civilization is distinctly seen.

“There were Sumerians who wrote in the Semitic tongue, and vice versa” 6

“The third dynasty of this city assumes the title: ‘King of the four quarters of the earth’… But the Kings of Ur bear another title, which is worth noting; they are ‘King of Sumer and Akkad’. Henceforth this is their normal appellation, and it expresses the fusion of two elements, Sumerian and Semitic, in Mesopotamian civilization. There are many other characteristic indications of the fusions, such as the names of sovereigns, partly Sumerian and partly Semitic; their divine appellatives, testifying to an approach towards that apotheosis of the monarch which had been a feature of the Semitic intrude; the retreat of the religious power before the political one, part of the trend towards the bureaucratic state for which the Semites had also furnished the model”. 7

Correlation between the Semitics and Indus Valley people, that is, the Dravidians are explained as follows:

“The evidence alone for continuing of religious beliefs and practices to an archaeologist seem particularly convincing. Three sites already mentioned make impressive contributions to the argument. The sequences of ‘Al Ubaid itself, Tell Uquair and Eridu start chronologically with a conventional Ubaid settlement and, by analogy with Eridu; the two former may also be assumed to have had an Ubaid period temple, frequently rebuilt. At these two cities, the settlements themselves……………..”8

–

– “The ancient name for the plain of Khuzistan, watered by the Kerkh river, which joins the Tigris just N of the Persian Gulf. Civilization in this area is as old as, and closely connected with, the cultures of lower Mesopotamia. A local pictographic script appeared very soon after the invention of writing in Babylonia. The Elamites cannot be certainly linked with any other known race, although their language may be related to the Dravidian family. The reference to Elam as a son of Shem (Gn.10:22) may well reflect the presence of early Semites in this area, and there is archaelogical evidence in the time of Sargon 1 (c.2350B.C.) and his successors of their influence on the local culture. Rock sculptures depict typical Akkadian figures and bear Akkadian inscriptions, although carved for Elamite rulers”. 9

–

– “The first known appearance of the Hebrews, who were members of the Semitic language family, was in Mesopotamia, for according to the Bible, the Hebrew patriarch Abraham’s family was native to Sumer”.10 It is given in ‘The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia’ that the Sumerians have cultural links with the Indus Valley culture of India as follows.

–

– "The original homeland of the Sumerians is unknown, but there is no question that they did enter Mesopotamia from outside area. Their language includes many non-Sumerian words for basic economic concepts such as farmer, herdsman etc.,.......... One theory is that the Sumerians came from the mountainous region to the northeast. Most scholars, however, believe that the Sumerians arrived via the Persian gulf, because the concentration of the Sumerian population in historic times was in what is now Southern Iraq. Early Sumerian history also shows signs of cultural links with the Indus Valley culture of India."11

–

– “There is evidence of a substrate language of ancient Sumer; this language could be located in India in the contemporaneous Sarasvati – Sindhu civilization ca.2500 B.C.

–

– Sumerian has no known relation to any other language. There seems to be a remote relationship with Dravidian languages (like spoken by the Tamils, now in the South of India). There is evidence that the Dravidian languages were spoken in the north of India, being displaced by the arrival of the Indo – European invaders around 1500 BCE. Because of the term ‘the black headed ones’, sag.gi ga. it is possible (but far from proven) that the Sumerians are an early branch of one of the people now living in southern India.”12

–

– On the basis of linguistic analysis, the linguists explained genealogical relationship exists between the Dravidian, Elamite, Sumerian languages etc. 13

History reveals the connection between Indus Valley worship- Bible - Sumeria Explicitly.

Tree worship was prevalent in the Indus Valley Worship. Similarly the trees were given significant place in the Old Testament.

Reference to the tree Moreh finds a place in the Old Testament. People gathered under the tree to hear the word of God. God revealed Himself to Abraham under the tree. (Genesis 13.18) Abraham planted a tamarisk tree in Beer - Sheba and there called on the name of the Lord (Genesis 21.33) . People made Abimelech as a King beside the great tree at the pillar in shechem (Judges 9.6). Joshua installed a pillar under the Oak in the sanctuary of the Lord and worshipped God (Joshua 24.26).The bones of King Saul and his sons were buried under the tamarisk tree in Jabesh (1 Samuel 31.12,13). People made offerings upon the hills under Oak, Poplar, and Terebinth. (Hosea 4.13)

As in the Indus Valley worship, the figures with horns represent divinity, the horns represent divinity (god), ruling authority (King) and Teaching authority (Guru) in Sumeria and Babylonia too, says Marshall( John Marshall, Mohenjadaro and Indus Civilization, vol.1, Arthur Probsthin, London, 1931,P.55)

In the Old Testament, the horns represent power, victory and ruling power (Deutronomy 33.17, Micah 4.13, Psalms 92.10). The loss of power, victory or ruling power was symbolically represented by the cutting off of the horns (Jeremiah 48.25).

One of the ancient Dravidian worships that could be seen in the Dravidian religions is the ‘memorial stone worship.' The memorial stones found in the Indus Valley worship.

Memorial stone worship is widely prevalent in Israelite worship and it is known as a stone pillar in the Old Testament of the Bible. For instance, when Jacob had a vision, he took the stone that was kept as a pillow by him while he slept on the way, and set it up for a pillar and poured oil on the top of it, and he said,

‘and this stone, which I have set up for a pillar, shall be God’s house; and of all that thou givest me I will give the tenth to thee’(Genesis 28.16, 35.14).

Like this there are many references in Israelite worship in the Old Testament of Bible ( Genesis 31.41-48; Exodus 24.4; Joshua 4.9; 1Samuel 7.12, 1Kings 12.28-33).

Jeroboam, the king of Israel, set a calf in Bethel and another one in Dan and offered sacrifices upon the altar (1Kings 12.28-33)

So in the Israelite worship memorial stone, sacrificial altar and Calf were present and these three are present in the Saivite temples of India.

According to historical analysis, the earliest instance for the form of worship mentioned above is found in the Bible from the period of Jacob to Hosea (approx. 1700 B.C.-722 B.C.), whereas the Saivite temples which also have the memorial stone, altar and calf are found together in the post-Christ era.

In Judaism, instead of memorial stone worship, temple worship is seen. Instead of placing a stone and worshipping God, they built a temple which was built of many stones and offered sacrifice upon the altar and worshipped God. In Judaism, a single memorial stone worship had developed into a temple and there are no stone pillars and the image of the calf inside the temple.

The Dravidian memorial stone worship as was found among the Israelites, attained its fulfillment in Christ and he is referred to as the living stone in Christianity.

"Come to him, to that living stone, rejected by men but in God's sight chosen and precious....

Behold, I am laying in Zion a stone, a corner stone chosen and precious, and he who believes in him will not be put to shame”(1Peter 2.4).

Referring to the ‘Son of God’ as living stone in Christianity leads to the ideology of calling every one of us as the temple of God.

"Do you not know that you are God’s temple and that God’s spirit dwells in you? (1Corinthians 3.16)

The same memorial stone worship could be seen in the Islamic worship also. Amongst the five important duties of a Muslim, one is to pay a visit to Mecca and worship there.

Every Muslim who makes pilgrimage is required to walk around the Ka’bah seven times, during which process he kisses and touches the black stone ... Muslims consider the Ka’bah the most sacred spot on earth and they recite their prayers looking in its direction... (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol.5, Micropaedia, 15^th (Ed), 1982.

In Mecca there is Ka’bha (or Qaaba) and a black stone (memorial stone) and, it is believed to be the Old Sivalinka. Malkani says:

A person who reaches Mecca for worship he should change his clothes whoever he may be and wear only white dhoti and a white towel that are unstitched, go around the Ka’bha again and again and kiss the memorial stone as a mark of his worship. They claim that they worship in the way their forefather Abraham (Ibrahim) worshipped.

Scholars are of the opinion that wearing unstitched white dhoti and a white towel and going around a stone kissing and worshipping it, are the Tamilian or the Dravidian method of worship. This shows that Abraham was the descendant of the Dravidian race. Since he is the forefather of Israel, Judaism, Christianity and Islam these religions are Dravidian religions.

Though history reveals that major religions and major civilizations of the world originated in India and in Asia, countries of this continent are not considered as developed countries but third world countries or developing countries.

If we carefully analyze the status of India, it is very pathetic to note that religious clashes and caste clashes occur severely in India, even though it is the birthplace of major religions of the world. Also it is extremely deplorable to note that Caste discrimination is justified in the name of religion in India. Hence peace and harmony became the mirage for the majority of Indians and Felix Wilfred explains this issue clearly.

“Asia is the testing ground for the hope of humanity. Here live two-thirds of world’s poor and exploited. Here hope is most resplendent when it emanates from the victims of our present world, from the suffering humanity. It is like the lotus flower that blossoms from the muddy ground. The dreams of the poor and the yearnings of their heart point to the sun of hope to which the whole human family needs to look up.

Without food, shelter, literacy, primary health – care and social security, there is no hope for the Asian masses. …. The poor are helplessly at the mercy of the ruling powers and their vagaries. The abuse of power and rampant corruption are sources of frustration and anger for the poor. Power, no matter of what kind, should be made accountable;”14

Explanation given by Felix on the exploitation that has been done in the name of ornamented terms like globalization, liberalization etc., is explained as follows:

“Globalisation seems to take the whole world along with it on its march, but in fact, it leaves more and more people on the way in the desert of misery. It uproots people with the promise of plenty, but in facts, saps them mercilessly and allows them to dry out and die.” 15

“The new attitudes, values and way of life unleashed by globalisation and liberalization is diametrically opposed to the attitudes, values required for the cause of the liberation of those at the periphery. For example, in a strongly stratified society like India with deep – rooted casteism, the new instruments, transnational connections, goods, services being enjoyed by the upper and middle classes go to reinforce their attitude of superiority vis-à-vis the poor classes and castes.” 16

“No nation, no people, no country can make progress on the basis of borrowed identity. Globalisation is a process of loosing our identity in its rich diversity. Therefore, we need to find ways and means to stregthen the local, the regional, the contextual. True universality has meaning only among peoples, groups who are well – rooted in their cultures and traditions. This rooted is not simply a matter of culture and tradition alone. It is the foundation as well for a healthy all round growth. I mean to say also economic growth. One way of standing up to the attitudes and values, way of life fostered by globalisation is to initiate and strengthen communication among the various peoples, cultures and traditions in this country. This applies as well for the whole of Asia.” 17

Justifying Casteism

In India Casteism is justified in the name of Religion. In the name of Hinduism it is being enforced and practiced in the society. It should be noted that Hinduism is different from Hindu religion but they are mingled and confused.

When the term ‘Hinduism’ is analysed, many hidden truths are unveiled. The term ‘Hinduism’ is not found in any of the early Indian Literature.

Till the arrival of the Europeans, the term ‘Hindu’ had a geographical significance and referred to the people who lived around the river Sindhu and not denoted or connected with any religion.

“There is no mention of the word `Hinduism’ either in old Tamil or in northern traditions. Only in these modern times those who follow the Vedas claim their religion is Hinduism, and Hinduism is the religion of India; If there could be separate religions for America, England and Japan then it is possible to claim Hinduism as the religion of India. If Hinduism is a religion based on Vedas and Smritis then it could only be one of the religions of India, and it cannot be the Religion of all the Indians.”18

Hinduism – Hindutva

The Supreme Court of India has given a judgment that 'Hinduism', i.e. 'Hindutva' is not a religion; but it is only a Way of Life. That means, Hinduism is not a religion. That is, Hinduism, is only a Way of Life. That way of life means, that Indians should accept that Aryans are superior by birth and that 88% of the Dravidian population of India, namely Sudras (BC) Panchamas (SC/ST) are low by birth.

Sri. Atal Behari Vajpayee, the Honb'le Prime Minister of India, has stated that there is no theistic concept in 'Hindutva' i.e., Hindu religion.

'Hinduism' is a word coined by Britishers which stipulates a 'way of life' that accepts that (i) Aryans are superior by birth.(ii) Aryans are born to rule (iii) By birth Dravidians are duty bound to serve the Aryans and (iv) those Dravidians who oppose Aryans are their enemies or untouchables!

When the Britishers started their rule in India, they set up the supreme Court of India at Calcutta. Islamic law became handy for the Britishers to administer justice to Indian Muslims. Similarly Christian Law became handy for them to administer justice to Indian Christians. But the Britishers found it difficult to administer justice to those Indians who did not belong to Islam or Christianity. At this juncture, the Brahmins of Calcutta gave the book of Manu, which was the political law book of the Aryans, to Sir William Jones, the then European Judge of the Supreme Court of Calcutta. Manaudharma Shastra (Varnashrama Dharma) was the political law book which was framed by the Aryans to rule 'Aryavarta' during 7th century A. D to 12th century A.D.

Sir William Jones who got the book of Manu or Manu Dharma Shastra translated it from Sanskrit to English. The name 'Hinduism' was given to 'Hindu Law', which was formed on the principles of the book of Manu Dharma. The English word 'Hinduism' is now known as 'Hindutvam' or 'Hindutva'.19

Thus Manudharma Sastra or Varnashrama dharma which degrades the Dravidians of India as Sudras and Panchamas is known as Hindutva or Hinduism.

When this concept plays a significant role in the society in the name of religion (Hindu religion) where is the room for peace and harmony?

Varnashrama Dharma concept infiltrated society under the guise of religion and philosophy and this has to be rightly termed the ‘Brahman Concept’. The Brahmins, the Kshatriyas, the Vaishyas and the Sudras were deemed to have been come forth from the mouth, the arms, the thighs and the feet of the Brahman respectively. There was no place for Panchamas in the Brahman concept. The Brahmins were at the top of this hierarchy, and after the emergence of Brahman concept, the Purohits styled themselves as Brahmins since the Brahman concept was their contribution to society.

`Aham Brahmasmi' is the basic concept of Advaita philosophy. According to Adi Sankara's Advaita, Aham Brahmasmi means 'I am God'. Adi Sankara who gave philosophical explanation to the casteism and devised this Advaita concept explains that 'all is God, and God is all and everything is the manifestation of Brahmam.' He also explains that though it can be said that all are Brahmam, it is a fact that Aryan Purohits (later known as Brahmins) alone can claim that they are Gods. Thus he elevated the Brahmins to the status of God.

This deceptive Brahman concept (Brahminism) was introduced by Adi Sankara, an Aryan Purohit under the name of ‘Advaita’ philosophy in the 9th c. A.D. By writing voluminous distorted commentaries to the works of the Dravidian Vedavyasa, he brought the ‘Six-fold’ Dravidian religion viz. Saivism, Vaishnavism, Saktham , Gowmaram, Kanapathyam and Sowram into the Brahman concept, and got them under the control of the Brahmins. This is presently known as Hindu religion.20

Thus the Dravidians and their religions such as Saivism, Vaishnavism etc., were incarcerated by the Ayrans under the guise of religion and philosophy.

Concept of Aryan Brahminism has not only segregated and degraded the Indian society but also the world society. It has given rise to the development of Racism in the world society.

Racism in the world society as a well-developed theory is a fairly recent phenomenon.

The 18th century was predominantly environmentalist in its outlook; the science of that day tended to attribute social behavior either to climatic and geographical environment or to socio cultural factors. Racism as a widely accepted "scientific" theory of behavior did not appear until the 19th century, which was the age of racism par excellence. Although Charles Darwin himself was not a racist, his theory of biological evolution was extended to social evolution, giving birth to the theory of social Darwinism. Mankind was regarded as having achieved various levels of evolution, culminating in the white-European civilization. These stages of evolution were thought to be related to the innate genetic capabilities of the various peoples of the world. By the second half of the 19th century, racism was accepted as fact by the vast majority of Western scientists, and various forms of it were popularized through the writings of Joseph-Arthur, comte de Gobineau. Houston Stuart Chamberlian, Rudyard Kipling, Alfred Rosenberg, and Adolf Hitler.21

A question naturally rises as to why racism arose in the world society in the 19th century, though it has been prevalent in India from about the 9th century, that is from the time of Adi Sankara. The answer is found in the fact that in 1794 William Jones started publishing his translation of Manu Dharma which was in Sanskrit into English. The British Dictionary of National Biography states,

As a great Jurist Jones understood that the power of England in India must rest on good administration, and that the first requisite was to obtain a thorough mastery of the existing systems of law in India, and to have them codified and explained. In short, in his own words, 'he purposed to be the Justinian of India' (TEIGNMOUTH, ii. 88). With this idea in his mind, he decided to prepare a complete digest of Hindu and Muhammadan law, as observed in India : and to assist him in the colossal labor he collected round him learned native pundits and Muhammadan lawyers. He did not live long enough to complete this task, but he was enabled to publish the first stages in his masterly rendering of the 'Institutes of Hindu Law, or the Ordinances of Menu (Manu), 1794.........22

The Brahmins were quick to portray Manu Dharma as the Hindu law, and through the translation of William Jones this poison entered the society of the world from India. As stated earlier racism was accepted as fact by a vast majority by the second half of the 19th century and many European scholars under it's influence started identifying with the Brahmins.

This concept of Aryanism, has developed politically in the name of ‘Brahminism’ in India and in the name of ‘Nazism’ in Germany. The same racial fanaticism has developed as a philosophy in the name of ‘Advaita concept’ in India, and as a modern religious movement in the name of ‘New Age Movement’ in the world in order to enslave the people by deception in the guise of a religion. Monism and the cycle of birth are the basic concepts in the New Age Movement. Through monism the Advaita concept is subtly explained and through the theory of Karma and the concept of cycle of birth, the superiority of Brahminism is maintained treacherously. 23

Since Manudharmasastra or Varnashrama Dharma is the root cause of all racism and casteism it has to be eradicated from the society in order to bring peace, harmony, brotherhood etc.,

As a result of this Varnashrama Dharma concept, Dravidians who were the descendants of spiritual tradition were made ignorant of the Dravidian spiritualism, and were enslaved permanently under the false Aryan spiritualism. They had even forgotten the relationship of their ancestors with spiritualism. As a matter of fact, by prolonged subjugation, the Dravidians have started behaving as if they enjoy the state of slavery. It has become an everyday affair to witness caste clashes and religious clashes among Dravidians at the instance of the Aryans. The Dravidians go on destroying each other and are thus vanishing. The real truth is hidden and false teaching is being glorified. If at all the Dravidians are to be saved from humiliation and destruction the truths that are hidden have to be brought to lime light. An awareness of Dravidian religions should emerge.

Dravidian religions that developed in India are Buddhism, Jainism, Saivism, Vaishnavism…etc., Dravidian religions that developed outside India are Religion of Israel, Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Few of the common elements that occur in Dravidian Religions are hinted as follows.

Dravidian Memorial stone worship of the Indus Valley civilization occurs in the major world religions.

Memorial stone is known as Stupas in Jainism and Buddhism, Sivalinka in Saivism, Stone pillar in Bible and Kabah in Islam. Also, Old Testament of the Bible clearly explains the worship of 1) Memorial stone 2) Altar and 3) Calf together which are in Saivite temple. It is needless
to say that the structure of Saivite temple is the replica of the worship which is
explained in the Old Testament. The pattern of worship prevalent in Kabah in
Meccah of Islam and the altar in Saivite temple reveal that offering sacrifice was a tradition in Saivism and Islam. Later on sacrifice was dispensed with in Saivism and Bible explains the reasons for the cessation of offering sacrifice.

The reasons for the development of the family of Siva from the worship of Sivalinka as Appan, Ammai, Makan (Somaskandha); Siva, Vishnu, Brahma (Mummurthy); and Siva, Vishnu and Aiyappa (Hariharaputhra) are explained in the New Testament of the Bible, that developed on the basis of Dravidian worship. Worshipping God in three forms occurs in the Dravidian religions reveals the historical development of these religions and their unity. 25

Dharma Kaya (God the Father), Samboga Kaya (God the Holy Spirit) and Nirmana Kaya (God the Son).26

‘Kadavul vaazhthu’ (invocation of God the Father), ‘Vaan sirappu’ (invocation of God the Holy Spirit) and ‘Neethaar Perumai’ (invocation of God the Son).

In Saivism Appan, Ammai, Maka, (Concept of Somaskanda), and Siva,Vishnu, Brahma (Concept of Trimurthy).

God who is known as 'SIVA' in Tamil is known as 'YAHWEH' in Hebrew and 'ALLAH' in Arabic. History of religions reveals that the Supreme God or the Ultimate Reality is known as various names in various languages.

Though Dravidian religions have a remarkable historical background and tradition, it was diluted, deviated and corrupted by the concept of Aryanism. Hence, the pure form of Dravidian religions freed from Aryanism has to be redeemed. Only then fraternity, brotherhood, humanism etc., the foundational elements of Dravidian religions can be restored.

Spiritualists regard every religion as equal. They have no religious fanaticism. Faith with reasoning is Spiritual whereas blind faith is religious. Blind faith may sometimes contradict, controvert and vary from one religion to other. Blind faith will lead to religious controversies and religious conflicts. Rational faith will generate harmony. It will provide an opportunity to explain about one’s faith to others. It will unite all religions. It will identify the spiritual truths from all religions and discard political hegemony. It will promote spititual unity and universal welfare. Those who believe in universal welfare will liberate themselves from the hold of religion and will lead spiritual lives.

Dravidian religions have rich Spiritual heritage. Against casteism and racism , Dravidian Spirituality emphasizes and encourages fraternity and brotherhood.

“ Every country is my country; and all are my kith and kin” (Yaadhum Voorae Yaavarum Kaelir). This is Dravidian Spirituality. Where there is humanism, brotherhood and fraternity there will be peace and harmony.

Apart from loving others and rendering service, returning good for evil will lead to a wonderful path of peace and harmony. A Gujarat didactic stanza runs as follows:

If it is said that human beings are the temple of God, then where will be a room for casteism or racism?

Thus the quoted verses express the Dravidian Spirituality in which there is no room for casteism, racism, religious and communal fanaticism. Instead there is place for rich spirituality that tends to peace, harmony, brotherhood, humanism, fraternity, unity etc., Hence it has to be explored and exposed to bring peace and harmony.

Dravidian Spiritual prayer28 that tends to harmony and peace is given as follows:

Water is :-

Religions that took their origin from the Dravidian race are together known as Dravidian Religions. Though they had sound doctrines and rich traditions, later on they were diluted, distorted and corrupted by Aryan Brahminism. Also the Dravidians were segregated and degraded by Brahminism. Brahminism has lead to the development of casteism and racism. Cateism and racism segregated and degraded the Indian society as well as the world society. When caste, religious and racial clashes increased peace and harmony of the oppressed people became the casualty.

In order to restore peace and harmony, Dravidian religion has to be restored because it is a Universal religion in which all the major religions of the world form its denominations.

Out of politics and spirituality, both of which are functioning in religion, if politics is separated,

If people are liberated from religious fanaticism, they will know spirituality and experience spirituality.

If the people will experience spirituality Humane Love will bloom and traditional disparities will disappear.

2) George A. Barton, Archeology and Bible, American Sunday School Union, 3^rd ed., Philadelphia, 1920

3) NEW BIBLE DICTIONARY, J.D.Douglas and others (Editors), Inter - varsity Press, Leicester, England, Reprinted 1996.P.1149

4) NEW BIBLE DICTIONARY, J.D.Douglas and others (Editors), Inter - varsity Press, Leicester, England, Reprinted 1996.P.1149

5) ENCYCLOPAEDIC DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE,Louis F.Hartman, C.S.S.R.. McGRAW – HILL Book Company, Inc., NewYork, Toronto, London, 1963, (R.220.3)HAR 3682) (P.2351)

6) THE FACE OF THE ANCIENT ORIENT, SABATINO MOSCATI, Anchor Books, Doubleray & Co., Inc., Garden City, New York, 1962. (P.2)

7) THE FACE OF THE ANCIENT ORIENT, SABATINO MOSCATI, Anchor Books, Doubleray & Co., Inc., Garden City, New York, 1962 (Pp.24,25)

8) J.H. Breasted, A History of Egypt, New York Scriber’s, 1912, P.187 [BAHE]. Footnote No.13 ARCHAEOLOGY AND BIBLE HISTORY, Joseph P. Free Ph.D. Professor of Bible and Archaeology, Wheaton College, 1962 Revision (Ist ed.1950, 7^th edition 1962) Scripture Press Publications, Inc., 1825, College Avenue, Wheaton, Illinois P.64).

9) NEW BIBLE DICTIONARY, J.D.Douglas and others (Editors), Inter - varsity Press, Leicester, England, Reprinted 1996. P.312

11) THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA,vol.iv, Goefrey W.Bromiley (Gen.Ed.) and others, Michigan, William B.Eerdmans publishing company, Grand Rapids, Reprinted 1991.

12) http:/sarasvati.simplenet com/sitemap1.htmSITE MAP Home Indian Lexicon Corpus of Inscriptions Artefacts Decipherment

13) Web article titled “DRAVIDAN.MANDE AND ELAMITE”- Clyde A.Winter,. [email protected]

14) Felix Wilfred, ASIAN DREAMS AND CHRISTIAN HOPE, At the dawn of Millennium, ISPCK, Delhi, 2000 ,P.xvii)

15) Rosemary Viswanath (ed.), Globalisation: Marginalisation of Dalits, Women & Tribals, Solidarity, Tumkur 1998; Mike Featherstone (ed.), Global Culture, Sage Publications, New Delhi,1996- Quo.by Felix Wilfred, Op.Cit.,

19) INDIA IN THIRD MILLENNIUM, Dravidian Spiritual Movement, Chennai-23, 2000, P.28

20) .M.Deivanayagam &Devakala, CHRISTIANITY IN HINDUISM, Dravidian Religion Trust, Chennai-23, 15^th Aug.1997, Pp.123-124.

25) M.Deivanayagam, COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BIBLE, THIRUKKURAL AND SAIVA SIDDHANTHA, IITS, Taramani, 2^nd ed.,1997,

26) Devakala, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF TAMIL BHAKTHI MOVEMENT (IN THE LIGHT OF BIBLE), Thesis (University of Madras), 1993, Pp.146 -148

27) Marsiana, key-note address, Humanism in Indian Literatures, S.Innasi and others (Edited), Mariyakam, Madras 600 087, 1995, (P.10)

In this paper an outline of Dravidian Religions and their contributions to India’s peace and social harmony are presented briefly.

**“The origin of the Sumerians is not known, though theories on this include migration from the East”. 3**

Justifying Casteism

Hinduism – Hindutva

Water is :-