.: Scalar Waves :. 

What is a “scalar wave” exactly? Scalar wave (SW) is just another name for a longitudinal wave (LW). The term “scalar” is sometimes used instead because the hypothetical source of these waves is thought to be a “scalar field” of some kind similar to the Higgs field for example.

In general, definition of longitudinal wave falls into the following description:

A wave motion in which the particles of the medium oscillate about their mean positions in the direction of propagation of the wave is called longitudinal wave.

For longitudinal wave the vibration of the particles of the medium is in the direction of wave propagation. A longitudinal wave proceeds in the form of compression and rarefaction which is the stretch and compression in the same direction as the wave moves. For a longitudinal wave at places of compression the pressure and density tend to be maximum, while at places where rarefaction takes place the pressure and density are minimum. In gases only longitudinal wave can propagate.Longitudinal waves are known as compression waves.

A longitudinal wave travels through a medium in the form of compressions orcondensations C and rarefaction R. A compression is a region of the medium in...

...which particles are compressed, i.e., particles come closer, i.e., distance between theparticles becomes less than the normal distance between them. Thus, there istemporary decrease in volume and as a consequence increase in density of themedium in the region of compression. A rarefaction is a region of the medium inwhich particles are rarefied, i.e., particles get farther apart than what they normallyare. Thus, there is temporary increase in volume and a consequence decrease indensity of the medium in the region of rarefaction. See Fig. 6.6.

There is nothing particularly controversial about longitudinal waves (LW) ingeneral. They are a ubiquitous and well-acknowledged phenomenon in nature.Sound waves traveling through the atmosphere (or underwater) are longitudinal, asare plasma waves propagating through space (also known as Birkeland currents).Longitudinal waves moving through the earth’s interior are known as “telluriccurrents.” They can all be thought of as pressure waves of sorts.

SW/LW are quite different from “transverse” waves. You can observe transversewaves (TW) by plucking a guitar string or watching ripples on the surface of a pond.They oscillate (vibrate, move up and down, or side to side) perpendicular to theirarrow of propagation (directional movement). Comparatively SW/LW oscillate inthe same direction as their arrow of propagation. See Fig. 6.6.

In modern-day electrodynamics (both classical and quantum), electromagneticwaves (EMW) traveling in “free space” (such as photons in the “vacuum”) aregenerally considered to be TW. But this was not always the case. When thepreeminent mathematician James Clerk Maxwell first modeled and formalized hisunified theory of electromagnetism in the late nineteenth century neither the EMSW/LW nor the EM TW had been experimentally proven, but he had postulated andcalculated the existence of both.

Our Body Works with Scalar Waves

We have stated so far that a scalar wave is a nonlinear, non-Hertzian (does notdiminish with distance) standing wave capable of supporting significant effectsincluding carrying information and inducing higher levels of cellular energy,which greatly enhances the performance and effectiveness of the body and immunesystem. Additionally, it helps to clear cellular memory by shifting polarity, similar toerasing the memory of a cassette tape with a magnet. Scalar waves travel faster thanthe speed of light and do not decay over time or distance.

Doctors and biologists are not able to tell us what life is. They cannot explain in aproper way how cells communicate with each other. Modern science focuses onchemical reactions. That is not the whole picture. The most important communica-tion tool in our body is not yet detected by mainstream medicine because of the hugeconspiracy against scalar waves.

Our body works with scalar waves (aspect of neutrinos). The body is alsoconstantly generating these our buniversal scalar waves. Scalar waves are producedwhen two electromagnetic waves of the same frequency are exactly out of phase (opposite to each other) and the amplitudes subtract and cancel or destroy eachother. The result is not exactly an annihilation of magnetic fields but a transformationof energy back into a scalar wave. This scalar field has reverted back to a vacuumstate of potentiality. Scalar waves can be created by wrapping electrical wiresaround a figure eight in the shape of a Möbius coil. When an electric current flowsthrough the wires in opposite directions, the opposing electromagnetic fields fromthe two wires cancel each other and create a scalar wave as we stated in previous section.

There is another Möbius coil configuration found within the vascular system. Thecontinuous flow of blood through the arterial system—which runs next to the venoussystem but in opposite directions—contains Möbius coil properties. The circulationof blood throughout the body resembles the figure-eight shape (see Fig. 2.17 as wellas Fig. 2.52) of the Möbius coil. Excerpts from the book “The Heart of Health; thePrinciples of Physical Health and Vitality” by Stephen Linsteadt discuss these issuesvery well.

Our whole body is able to send information and free energy (acupuncture workswith that) to every cell and back. This goes faster than light because scalar waves areextremely quick. Scalar waves can send pictures with parallel technology, holo-graphic images. That's why our memory pictures always come quick, three-dimensional, and clear, without any “pixels” lacking. In a computer you can seepixels missing in a picture if the connection is bad, because the computer usesprimitive digital technology compared to our body.

Even our brain works mostly with scalar waves. It can change them into electro-magnetic waves and back. The left and right parts of the brain can send different scalar waves and let them interfere, establishing a scalar wave interferometer.Thoughts are scalar waves. That is why they can extremely quickly and with little energy penetrate the earth and reach remote places; we call that telepathy.

Because our body uses scalar waves as its most important tool mind control technology is forced to use the same tool if they want to be successful. Otherwise it is difficult to induce pain in whatever part of the body at distance; read or change thoughts; control, manipulate, or erase memory; take the body as a remote-controlledcamera; or force someone to act as a honey trap. We know that this torturetechnology now works perfect after more than 60 years of secret research. Everytargeted individual (TI) can give a testimony on that.

Therefore, the conclusion is close to fight mind control with its own technology:scalar waves. There are already a lot of devices on the market using scalar waves todivert psychotronic (the Russian wording) attacks. Some of them absorb scalarwaves and transform them to something useful.

Scalar waves increase the energy covalent level of every single hydrogen atom in the body as verified by spectrograph. This is significant in that hydrogen bonds arewhat hold DNA together.

Dr. Glen Rein, a quantum biologist, points out from his experiments with scalarwaves that they positively influence the immune and nervous systems independentof the belief systems of the individual. Every cell in the human body, whenfunctioning at its maximum health potential, ranges between 70 and 90 mV. Diseaseand aging occur when the cellular energy depreciates to levels below this range.

The human body has crystalline structures in every cell wall that are capable ofholding a charge. The shape of scalar waves is reminiscent of the multiple helical structure of DNA as it folds in on itself. Quantum mechanical models describesubatomic particles that can store and carry biological information along helicalmacromolecules like DNA. This indicates that scalar energy is capable of imprinting itself in the DNA.

As part of health implications of scalar waves, it is a known scientific fact thateverything is energy and that everything vibrates at different frequencies. Scalar energy is a unique form of energy that can be harnessed and directed into solidobjects or bodies placed in its field. You can use scalar energy to raise the vibratoryfrequency of supplements, food, water, and other liquids. When used on living cells,the cells become more vibrant, naturally energized, and more capable of absorbingnutrients and eliminating wastes and toxins. When embedded in nutritional supple-ments, food, and beverages, scalar waves will make these substances more absorb-able and bioavailable, thus further raising the energy levels in your cells.

The higher the level of energy in your cells, the greater your cells’ ability toabsorb nutrients, eliminate toxins and wastes, and build healthy tissues, bones,organ, glands, and nerves. High cellular energy greatly enhances the performanceand effectiveness of your immune system and your body’s ability to heal itself.Everything is vibrations and all life is energy.

The energy level of your cells is measured in millivolts (mV). The healthiest cellshave a charge of 70–90 mV. Degenerative diseases begin developing when overallcellular mv are significantly reduced. Cancer cells measure 15–20 mV. Whole foodsand fresh foods measure higher mv; cooked, processed, and refined foods measurelow mv; and canned food has zero mv.

Scalar waves are cumulative and tend to build up your body. By frequentlyexposing yourself to the scalar wave energy, you build stronger healthier cells,enhance your immune system, and support your body’s ability to neutralize theman-made waves, or EMFs that surround you. Increased exposure to scalar wavesmeans a greater accumulation of them in your cells, which helps raise their vibratoryrate to the ideal 70–90 mV level.

Scalar waves are nonlinear and support the neutralization of all man-made 50–60cycle waves in your body from cell phones, cordless phones, computers, micro-waves, Wi-Fi routers, and numerous other sources. Scalar wave fields have alwaysexisted, and now we have the knowledge and the technology to increase them in ourbody and our lives. They are well known in astrophysics, geology, and hydrody-namics. A scalar wave field is known as a fifth-dimensional nonlinear field; thus, thescalar wave is not bound by third-dimensional laws. Scalar wave fields function in aself-referral and self-generating manner. They are unbounded and capable of passingthrough solid matter.

According to research done over several decades, the key benefits of scalar wave technology are as follows:

Eliminates and nullifies the effects of man-made frequencies (50–60 cycles) in the human body.

Increases overall body energy levels as a result of increasing cellular energy for trillions of cells.

Cleanses the blood improving chylomicron levels (protein/fat particles floating in the blood) and triglyceride profiles and fibrin patterns.

Increases the energy level of every single cell in the body to the ideal 70–90 mV range.

Improves immune function by as much as 149% as proven in laboratory studies.

Increases the energy covalent level of every single hydrogen atom in the body as verified by spectrographs.

This is significant because covalent hydrogen bonds are what hold your DNA together.

Improves mental focus as demonstrated by increased amplitude of EEGfrequencies.

Improves cell wall permeability, thus facilitating the intake of nutrients into eachand every cell and the elimination of waste from each and every cell.

Balances out the two hemispheres of the brain as measured by EEG tests.

Decreases the surface tension of substances such as food, water, and supplements,thus enhancing the body's ability to assimilate and hydrate.

Inhibits the uptake of noradrenaline by PC12 nerve cells to support better mood.

Catalyzes heightened states of awareness and creativity while advancing theprocess of manifestation in regard to health, wealth, and happiness.

As we have stated, scalar energy is non-Hertzian and nonlinear and possessesmagnitude only and not direction. Additionally, scalar energy never degrades norexperiences entropy; hence, the information of scalar energy remains unchangedregardless of the environment. Scalar energy is capable of propagating across timeand space without having its information impinged upon by the background radia-tion in the vastness of space. In consideration of the aforementioned, the scalarenergy is eternal and thus serves as the archival, information system of the universe.All events, past, present, and future, are recorded and archived by scalar energywhich is the quintessential informational system of all prayer, thought, word, andaction in the universe.

Scalar energy programs all DNA. Furthermore, scalar energy transcends spaceand thus is not subject to time and space. The carrier wave for time is scalar energyand thus it is responsible for time. That is, scalar energy is present in all time framesas it transmits information without transmitting energy.

As an information system, scalar energy programs all deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) of each species of life. Human DNA, animal DNA, and plant DNA areencoded exclusively by scalar energy. Thus, scalar energy is the informational inputthat is responsible for the genetic code of each species of life.

Scalar energy assumes the shape of a double-helix spiral and this shape issubsequently imparted upon all DNA. Correspondingly, the DNA of each speciesof life likewise has a double-helix spiral structure; see Fig. 2.53.

From double-helix spiral point of view of scalar energy, each rotation of a scalarwave observes mathematical value of Phi, 1.618. . ., an irrational number. That is, foreach rotation of the MAJOR GROOVE of a scalar wave, the length of a scalar wave is1.618 times greater than the width of the scalar wave. This identical, structural motifis imparted to all DNA whereby each rotation of the DNA double helix likewiseobserves the same mathematical value of Phi. That is, the length of a DNA doublehelix, MAJOR GROOVE is 1.618 times greater than the width of the DNA, for eachrotation of the DNA. Thus, scalar energy is a perfect Phi-spiral and is responsible forthe formation of a DNA double helix. In short, scalar energy provides the lightinformation responsible for assembling and maintaining all DNA. See Fig. 2.54.

Scalar energy as a carrier wave contains an infinite number of harmonics whichserve as the instructions to assemble physical forms. Succinctly, one scalar energyharmonic contains the instructions for the formation of one physical form. Thus,each physical form in the universe is assembled from one (1) specific scalar energyharmonic.

In specific, one scalar energy harmonic serves to assemble the DNA code of onespecies of life. The DNA of a species is unique as only one scalar energy harmonic isresponsible for assembling its physical form. Hence, the DNA of each species isunique and divinely appointed in their bodies. As we have mentioned, there are somefolks out there who are using this energy as healing sessions for their patient and thisauthor has no personal experience; thus it is up to the reader to do their owninvestigation on this matter. These healer folks are claiming that their sessionsconsist of a pathogen cleanse, a nutritional therapy, and a chakra balance.

Deployment of Superweapon Scalar Wave Drive byInterferometer Paradigm

Considering scalar wave (SW) or sometimes called longitudinal scalar wave (LSW)as one of the superweapons of directed energy, and to overcome the controversy ofsuch phenomena (i.e., SW or LSW), use of a high-energy weapon is the possibledeployment of interferometer concept that is known to physicists and scientist for awhile. However, before we take this approach, we need to have some understandingof what is interference and as a result interferometers as well as how do interferom-eters work?

To understand interferometry, you need to understand interference. In everydaylife, interference simply means getting in the way or meddling, but in physics it has amuch more specific meaning. Interference is what happens when two waves carryingenergy meet up and overlap. The energy they carry gets mixed up together so,instead of two waves, you get a third wave whose shape and size depend on thepatterns of the original two waves. When waves combine like this, the process iscalled superposition.

If you have ever sat making waves in a bathtub, you'll have seen interference andsuperposition in action. If you push your hand back and forth, you can send waves ofenergy out from the center of the water to the walls of the tub. When the waves get tothe walls, they bounce back off the hard surface more or less unchanged in size butwith their velocity reversed. Each wave reflects off the tub just as if you'd kicked arubber ball at the wall. Once the waves come back to where your hand is, you canmake them much bigger by moving your hand in step with them. In effect, you createnew waves that add themselves to the original ones and increase the size of theirpeaks (amplitude).

Wireless Transmission of Energy at a Distance Driven by Interferometry

To illustrate one remarkable though typical implication of this new breakthrougharea, we may point out that, by changing the potentials while keeping the force fieldzero [23], one can directly produce energy at a distance as if it were transportedthrough space in the normal fashion and traditional way that occurs as such. Indeed,it may even be possible to utilize pure potential waves to “transport” the energy atany velocity—not limited by the speed of light and will not dissipate at the constraintof 1/r2 limit yet maybe at the rate of 1/r. In some cases a potential, for example,electrostatic scalar potential (ESP), can be regarded as having infinite velocity,simply appearing “everywhere at once” [42].

Furthermore, the electrostatic scalar potential, for example, may be regarded as asort of “locked-in stress energy” of vacuum, as can any other vacuum potential.Changing the potential in a region or at a point changes the amount of “locked-in” or“enfolded” vacuum energy available or stored in that region or at that point. Yetsimply changing the potential at that point or in that region need not involve anylocal expenditure of work there; the work may be expended elsewhere, and theresults realized at a distant region by a change in that region’s potential, according tothe Aharonov-Bohm effect [23].

In the remote region, charged particles are imbedded in vacuum potential by theirvirtual particle charge flux, and in the induced potential gradients the imbeddedparticles move, producing electrical and magnetic forces and fields andperforming work.

This is somewhat analogous to “putting energy in here at point A” and “extractingit out there at point B) without any travel or losses in between—Nikola Tesla’s old“wireless transmission of energy at a distance without losses” idea. Note thatquantum mechanically, we may take the view that this is a very special class ofmacroscopic “energy tunneling” phenomena, as illustrated in Aharonov and Bohm’soriginal paper [23].

Essentially energy is put into the system at the locations, where the scalarpotentials are produced, and is recovered at the distant interference zone whereparticle effects are produced. See Fig. 2.77 as well as Fig. 2.75 from the interferom-etry point of view. See also Figs. 2.79 and 2.80.

To pursue the above single example, depicted in Fig. 2.77, and to further show itsimplications, we point out that in theory one may deliberately make a beamcontaining zero electric and magnetic fields, simply by properly phase-locking! !together two or more beams of oscillating ordinary E and B electrical energy, allat the same frequency. In the perfect hypothetical case, for example, two single-frequency beams phase-locked together with 180 degrees apart would create such azero-field or scalar beam as depicted in Fig. 2.78.

In the real bandwidths, how much zero-field beam is obtained at the center of thebandwidth would depend on the sharpness “Q” of each beam.

To purify the beam, it could first be transmitted through a ground Faraday cage or! !shield, which would remove most of the orthodox E - and B -field components notproperly zeroed out. By successive Faraday “stripping” of the beam, a scalar beam aspure as desired can be obtained. See Fig. 2.55 (Figs. 2.79 and 2.80).

Figure 2.81 is an artistic drawing of scalar potential interferometry between thetwo sets of bidirectional longitudinal electromagnetic (EM) wave-pair functionsproducing all EM force field and waves.

Medical Application of Scalar Longitudinal Waves

Not all scalar waves, or subtle energies, are beneficial to living systems. Electro-magnetism of the 60 Hz AC variety, for example, emanates a secondary longitudi-nal/scalar wave that is typically detrimental to living systems.

However, to utilize the SLW as an application in biofield technology effectively,we need to cancel the detrimental aspect of wave scale and transmit it into abeneficial wave; therefore this innovative approach qualifies the medical applicationof SLW, where we can approach that biomedical folks to suggest such invention andask for funding there as well. Last three bullet points are of vital interest in biofieldapproach application of SLW.

Weapon Application of SLW as Directed Energy Weapons

The scalar beam weapons were originally invented in 1904 by Nicola Tesla, anAmerican immigrant from Yugoslavia (1856 or 1857–1943). Since he died in 1943,many nations have secretly developed his beam weapons, which now further refinedare so powerful that just by satellite one can make a nuclear-like destruction;earthquake; hurricane; tidal wave; and instant freezing—killing every living thinginstantly over many miles. It can also cause intense heat like a burning fireball over awide area; induce hypnotic mind control over a whole population; or even readanyone on the planet’s mind by remote. Due to the nature of behaving as a pressurewave and carrying tremendous energy, SLW can remove something right out of itsplace in time and space faster than the speed of light, without any detectable warningby crossing two or more beams with each other. Moreover, any target can be aimedat even right through to the opposite side of the earth. If either of the major scalarweapon armed countries, e.g., the United States or Russia, were to fire a nuclearmissile to attack each other this may possibly not even reach the target, because themissile could be destroyed with scalar technology before it even left its place ororigin. The knowledge via radio waves that it was about to be fired could beeavesdropped and the target could be destroyed in the bunker, fired at from spaceby satellite.

Above 60 Hz Ac frequency, this wave can be very detrimental in nature. A scalarbeam can be sent from a transmitter to the target, coupled with another sent fromanother transmitter, and as they cross an explosion can be made. This interferencegrid method could enable scalar beams to explode the missile before launch, as wellas en route with knowing the right coordinates. If the target does manage to launch,what are known as Tesla globes or Tesla hemispheric shields can be sent to envelop amissile or aircraft. These are made of luminous plasma, which emanates physicallyfrom crossed scalar beams and can be created in any size, even over 100 milesacross. Initially detected and tracked as it moves on the scalar interference grid, acontinuous electromagnetic pulse (EMP) Tesla plasma globe could kill the electron-ics of the target. More intensely hot Tesla “fireball” globes could vaporize themissile. Tesla globes could also activate a missile’s nuclear warhead en route bycreating a violent low-order nuclear explosion. Various parts of the flying debris canbe subjected to smaller and more intense Tesla globes where the energy density todestroy is more powerful than the larger globe first encountered. This can be done inpulse mode with any remaining debris given maximum continuous heating tovaporize metals and materials. If anything still rains down on Russia or the UnitedStates, either could have already made a Tesla shield over the targeted area to block itfrom entering the airspace.

Other useful aspect of SLW in military application: There is a community in theUnited States that believes the scalar waves are realizable in its nature of

mathematical approach. In recent conference sponsored by the Institute of Electricaland Electronics Engineers (IEEE), these were openly discussed and a proceeding onthe conference exists. The conference was dedicated to Nicola Tesla and his work,and the papers presented claimed that some of Tesla’s work used scalar waveconcepts. Thus, there is an implied “Tesla connection” in all of this. As it was statedabove, these are unconventional waves that are not necessarily a contradiction toMaxwell’s equations as some have suggested but might represent an extension toMaxwell’s understanding at the time. If realizable, the scalar longitudinal waves(SLWs) could represent a new form of wave propagation that could penetrateseawater (knowing the permeability, permittivity of salt water, and consequentlyskin depth), resulting in a new method of submarine communications and possibly anew form of technology for anti-submarine warfare (ASW). This technology alsohelps folks in Naval Special Warfare (NSW) Community such as Navy Seals to beable to communicate with each other even in a murky water condition.

Transverse and Longitudinal Wave Descriptions

As you know from classical physics point of view, typically there are three kinds ofwaves and wave equations that we can talk about (i.e., soliton wave is an exceptionalcase and should be addressed separately).

These three types are listed as:

1. Mechanical waves (i.e., wave on string)
2. Electromagnetic waves (i.e., E and B fields from Maxwell’s equation to deducethe wave equations, where these waves carry energy from one place to another)
3. Quantum mechanical waves (i.e., using Schrödinger equations to study particlemovement)

The second one is the subject of our interest, in terms of two types of wavesinvolved in electromagnetic wave and they are:

(a) Transverse waves
(b) Longitudinal pressure waves (LPWs), also known as scalar longitudinal waves(SLWs)

From the above two waves, the scalar longitudinal wave (SLW) is the matter ofinterest in directed energy weapons (DEW) [2]; this is why, and first, we brieflydescribe the SLWs and their advantages for DEW purpose as well as communicationwithin a nonhomogeneous media such as seawater with different electrical primitiv-ity ε and magnetic permeability μ at different layers of ocean depth. See Chap. 4 ofthis book.

A wave is defined as a disturbance which travels through a particular medium.The medium is a material through which a wave travels from one to another location.Take the example of a slinky wave which can be stretched from one end to other endand then becomes in static condition. This static condition is called its neutralcondition or equilibrium state.

In the slinky coil, the particles are moved up and down and then come into theirequilibrium state. This generates disturbance in coil which is moved from one toanother end. This is the movement of slinky pulse. This is a single disturbance inmedium from one to another location. If it is done continuously and in aperiodical manner, then it is called a wave. These are also called energy transportmedium. They are found in different shapes, and show different behaviors andcharacteristic properties. On this basis, these are classified mainly in two types thatare longitudinal, transverse, and surface waves. Here we are discussing the longitu-dinal waves, properties, and its examples. The movement of wave is parallel to themedium of particles in these waves.

For transverse waves the displacement of the medium is perpendicular to thedirection of propagation of the wave. A ripple on a pond and a wave on a stringare easily visualized transverse waves. See Fig. 6.1.Transverse waves cannot propagate in a gas or a liquid because there is nomechanism for driving motion perpendicular to the propagation of the wave. In summary, it is a wave in which the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction ofwave propagation. Electromagnetic waves [and secondary-waves (or S-waves orshear waves sometimes called an elastic S-waves) in general] are transverse waves.

Longitudinal Waves

In longitudinal waves the displacement of the medium is parallel to the propagationof the wave. A wave which is “slinky” is a good visualization. Sound waves in air arelongitudinal waves. See Fig. 6.2.

In summary, it is a wave in which the oscillation is opposite to the direction ofwave propagation. Sound waves [and primary-waves or (P-waves) in general] arelongitudinal waves. On the other hand, a wave motion in which the particles of themedium oscillate about their mean positions in the direction of propagation of thewave is called longitudinal wave.

However, if we use our wand to expand the subject of longitudinal wave (LW),before we go deeper into the subject of scalar longitudinal wave (SLW), forlongitudinal wave the vibration of the particles of the medium is in the direction ofwave propagation. A longitudinal wave proceeds in the form of compression andrarefaction which is the stretch and compression in the same direction as the wavemoves. For a longitudinal wave at places of compression the pressure and densitytend to be maximum, while at places where rarefaction takes place the pressure anddensity are minimum. In gases only, longitudinal wave can propagate. Longitudinalwaves are known as compression waves.

A longitudinal wave travels through a medium in the form of compressions orcondensations C and rarefaction R. A compression is a region of the medium inwhich particles are compressed, i.e., particles come closer, i.e., distance between theparticles becomes less than the normal distance between them. Thus, there istemporary decrease in volume and as a consequence increase in density of themedium in the region of compression. A rarefaction is a region of the medium inwhich particles are rarefied, i.e., particles get farther apart than what they normallyare. Thus, there is temporary increase in volume and a consequent decrease indensity of the medium in the region of rarefaction.

The distance between the centers of two consecutive rarefaction and two consec-utive compressions is called wavelength. Examples of longitudinal waves are soundwaves, tsunami waves, earthquake P-waves, ultrasounds, vibrations in gas, andoscillations in spring, internal water waves, and waves in slink.

Longitudinal Waves - The various examples of sound wave are:

(a) Sound wave

(b) Earthquake P-wave

(c) Tsunami wave

(d) Waves in a slink

(e) Glass vibrations

(f) Internal water waves

(g) Ultrasound

 (h) Spring oscillations

Sound Waves

Now the question is that are sound waves longitudinal? The answer is yes,sound wave travels as longitudinal wave in nature. Sound wave behaves as atransverse wave in solids. Through gases, plasma, and liquid the sound travels aslongitudinal wave. Through solids it can be transmitted as transvers as well as longitudinal wave.

Material medium is mandatory for the propagation of the sound waves. Soundwaves are mostly longitudinal in common nature. Speed of sound in air atN.T.P. (normal standard and pressure) is 332 m/s. Vibrations of air columnabove the surface of water in the tube of a resonance apparatus are longitudinal.Vibrations of air column in organ pipes are longitudinal. Sound is audible onlybetween 20 Hz and 20 KHz. Sound waves cannot be polarized.

Vibrations of air column in organ pipes are longitudinal. Vibrations of aircolumns above the surface of water in the tube of a resonance apparatus arelongitudinal.

(a) Propagation of sound waves in air

Sound waves are classified as longitudinal waves. Let us now see how soundwaves propagate. Take a tuning fork, vibrate it, and concentrate on the motionof one of its prongs, say prong A. The normal position of the tuning fork andthe initial condition of air particles are shown in Fig. 6.3a. As the prong

A moves towards right, it compresses air particles near it, forming a com-pression as shown in Fig. 6.3b. Due to vibrating air layers, this compressionmoves forward as a disturbance.

As the prong A moves back to its original position, the pressure on its rightdecreases, thereby forming a rarefaction. This rarefaction moves forward likecompression as a disturbance. As the tuning fork goes on vibrating, wavesconsisting of alternate compressions and rarefactions spread in air as shownin Fig. 6.3c, d. The direction of motion of the sound waves is same as that ofair particles; hence they are classified as longitudinal waves. The longitudinalwaves travel in the form of compressions and rarefactions.

The main parts of the sound wave are as follows:

The main parts of sound wave are listed below with their descriptions:

Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a vibrating particle of themedium from the mean position. A shows amplitude in y 1⁄4 A sin(wt).The maximum height of the wave is called its amplitude. If the sound ismore then the amplitude is more.

Frequency: Number of vibrations made per second by the particles and isdenoted by f which is given as f 1⁄4 1/T and its unit: Hz. We can also get theexpression for angular frequency.

Pitch: It is that characteristic of sound with the help of which we candistinguish between a SHRILL note and a note that is grave. When a soundis shriller it is said to be of higher pitch and is found to be of greaterfrequency, as ω 1⁄4 2π f. On the other hand, a grave sound is said to be of lowpitch and is of low frequency. Hence pitch of a sound depends upon itsfrequency. It should be made clear that pitch is not the frequency butchanges with frequency.

Wavelength: The distance between two consecutive particles in the samephase or the distance traveled by the wave in one periodic time and denotedby lambda.

Sound wave: It is a longitudinal wave with regions of compressionand rarefactions.