TABLES OF CONTENTS

I   Basic Chemistry as Applied to Refining

a) Introduction

b) Characteristics of Process Materials and Hydrocarbons

c) Types of Hydrocarbons in Crude Oil

1. Paraffins

2. Olefins

3. Naphthens

4. Aromatics

d) Other compounds in Crude Oil

1. Sulphur compounds

2. Nitrogen and oxygen compounds

e) Application of Chemistry in Petroleum Refining

II Basic Physics and Laws Relating to Properties of Matter

a) Definition of Matter

b) Properties of Matter

1. Intertia

2. Density and specific gravity

c) Basic Properties of Matter

1. Pressure, Vacuum and Units of measurement

2. Temperature and its measurements

d) Properties of Gases

1. Boyles Law

2. Partial Pressure

e) Properties of liquids

1. General

2. Viscosity and Viscosity Index

3. Boiling Point

4. Vapour Presure

5. Condensation

f) Properties of solids

III  Fundametals of Processing

a) General

b) Pressure

1. Static Pressure

2. Induced Pressure

c) Flow

1. General

2. Relation between cross-sectional area and flow

3. Resistance to flow

d) Basic Principles of energy

I. General

2. Heat—Measurement of heat, specific heat, Latent heat

3. Law of conservation of energy

e) Heat transfer

1. Conduction

2. Convection

3. Radiation

f) Heat Exchange

1. General

2. Heat transfer coefficients

 

IV Separation of Components of a Mixture

a) General Methods of Separation

b) Distillation

c) Fractional Distillation

1. General

2. Shell stills

3. Fractionating columns

4. Vacuum Distillation

d) Strippers

e) Absorption Towers

f) Extraction

g) Separation by crystallisation

V   Refinery Process flow

a) Nature, characteristics and Utilisation of Crude Oil

b) Process flow and operation at Madras Refineries

VI  Refinery Operations

a) General

b) Crude Oil distillation unit

c) Vapour recovery unit

d) Unifiner and Platformer units

e) Kerosene Hydrodesulphurisation unit

f) Diesel Oil Desulphurisation unit

g) Visbreaker and Thermal Cracker units

h) Bitumen air blowing unit

i) Furfural extraction unit

j) MEK Dewaxing unit

k) Lube Oil Hydrofinishing unit

l)  Hydrogen Plant

m) Sulphur Recovery Plant

n) Vacum Distillate Hydrodesulphurisation unit

o) Utilities System

1. Boiler Feed water treatment and steam generation

2. Fuel system

3. Fire water system

4. Drinking water

5. Compressed air

p) Oil Movements and Storage

q) Corrosion inhibitors and Additives used in process units

VII Sampling and Testing

a) Sampling and Types of samples

b) Sampling Methods

c) Tank Samples

d) Sampling Hazards

e) Testing

Vlll Glossary