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The
cross is an ancient symbol, associated with many of the old
religons. It has meaning for many religons and cultures, and
is one of the most enduring and widespread symbols known in
the world. The cross was not considered a typically Christian
symbol until the seventh century. (Early images of Jesus depicted
him either as a lamb or carrying one - an echo of views of
Hermes and Osiris as a "Good Shepard".) To Christians,
the cross has become a symbol of the redemption of the world's
sins through the death of Jesus.
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The
Latin, or Passion Cross was originally rejected
by Christians because it was a pagan symbol. Some earlier
uses of this symbol was as a scepter of Apollo; with the phrase
"Ptolemy the Savior"; and a sign of life to come
in the Egyptian religon of Sarapis.
The
New Testament sometimes refers to Jesus as being hanged on
a tree, not a cross (Acts 5:30; 1 Peter 2:24), linking this
imagery to tree-slain savior figures of Krishna, Marsyas,
Odin, and Dodonian Zeus.
This
version of the cross is not an inappropriate symbol for a
church with a male-oriented structure, for in early societies
it was a phallic symbol.
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A similar
symbol in appearance is the Cross Fourchee. This design
reflects Christian peity and was popular as a decorative cross
in medieval heraldry. The design ties to the age-old trust
in the pagan magic of the forked stick.
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The Celtic
Cross was originally a Hindu symbol of sexual union, kiakra.
The cross as a phallic symbol within the circle as yoni.
This cross was adopted by the Gypsies. This cross, as used
by Christians, is often used as a grave marker.
Other
symbolism of this cross relates to the four directions. East
is rebirth, youth, Spring, and growth. West is knowledge,
experience, Autumn, and guidance. South is vitality, vigor,
Summer, and strength. North is wisdom, silence, winter, and
death. The circle connects them in the cycle of life.
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Wotan's
Cross reflects similar symbolism, with the cross and circle
as a symbol of cosmic union. The circle also stood for the
earth horizon, with the four directions meeting at the center.
It was also called the Sun Cross for the sun (cross) embraced
by heaven (circle). The often repeated symbolism is that of
a diety in the middle of a four-way heaven.
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Another
cross with sun imagery is the Coptic Cross. This was
originally a sun symbol, with the heaven in the center supported
by four pillars in each direction to uphold the sky. Coptic
Christians later added the four nails to identify Christ with
the heavenly diety, and to suggest the blood on the nails
had spread to the four corners of the world.
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Crosses
are often associated with sky or sun gods. The Cross Potent
was a symbol of this in ancient Mesapotamia. The cross potent
with a circle (similar to the Coptic Cross, below) was the
sign of the Assyrian heaven-god Anu. This cross is also called
the Windlass, a term linked with it in the Middle Ages.
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Similar
in appearance is the Cross Pommee. This cross represented
the Assyrian god Asshur, who ruled time/seasons. He was pictured
with the faces of a man, lion, eagle, and bull, his four totems.
The cross with circles was later used on Jewish amulets.
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The Greek
Cross was one of the original forms used by Christians.
(The Latin cross was not in popular usage until the eighth
and ninth centuries.) Before Christianity, the Greek cross
was an emblem of Hecate as the Goddess of Crossroads. The
vertical was male, the horizontal was female - making it a
plus sign of one-plus-the-other.
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Cross
Patee was popular in medieval heraldry. It was a combination
of the Christian (Greek) cross and Wotan's. This cross, also
known as Cross Formee, was often shown as the insignia
of the god Frey.
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A similar
appearing cross is the Maltese Cross, originallly from
the island of Malta, home of one of the world's oldest Goddess
temples. This design directs attention to the center, possibly
to indicate earth's geographical center, omphalos, and site
of the Goddess's chief temple.
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Sources:
The
Woman's Dictionary of Symbols and Sacred Objects
Barbara G. Walker
Harper San Francisco, 1988
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