A Unitary Model For Atomic Structure - carbon
by, Sithamalli K. Balasubramanian - Ph.D.
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Implications of the model: We have studiously and with purpose avoided any discussion of the origin of the electrons even when a necessity arose in the case of the sixth electron in Zeisse’s salt. The question is complex. Our analysis shows that protons and hence electrons may be localized. The explanation for the spectra should be within the parameters of the model.

The model for carbon posits three pairs of bonding sites, namely, the pair that is part of the square, the tetrahedral pair that is part of the square and the one that is not. Pauli exclusion principle is obeyed by the model.

Are electrons permanent denizens of the atom? The answer comes indirectly from inorganic fluorides that are gaseous. In a gas intermolecular interactions are minimal. The fluorides of Boron, Carbon, Silicon and Germanium are all gases with subzero boiling points. The trifluorides of Phosphrous and Arsenic are not merely gases but the central atoms are acceptor ligands as opposed to their normal donor nature. The pentafluorides are Lewis acids showing that electron effects are getting depleted in a progressive manner. The hexa fluorides of Sulfur, Selenium and Tellurium show even further depletion {ref.36}. They are gases and dielectrics. Uranium hexafluoride is a gas above 55  for a similar reason. Nickel tetracarbonyl is also a gas. There may be possibly 28 electrons in Nickel but there is no evidence for them in the carbonyl. It is not our case that these atoms do not have any electrons but the electrons seem to rise from and subside into the atoms according to the context.

The rise and subsidence of electrons is different from beta decay in which there is a rearrangement of the nucleus.

The inert gases perhaps do not have any electrons in their ground state. Xenon compounds are possible by the rise of electrons under the conditions of preparation. The properties of liquid helium can be explained qualitatively without resort to a quantum state.

Carbon has six bonding areas on the model and this corresponds to its atomic number. The agreement is fortuitous. As we progress thru nitrogen and oxygen to fluorine there is an increase in electronegativity that should be reflected in electron depletion. Moseley law should be taken as qualitative confirmation of the order of elements in the periodic table. The quantitative interpretation of the law is derived from the Bohr model which itself is suspect.

The quantitative interpretation of the Moseley law has had a tortuous history. The Bohr equation postulates a proportionality between Z2 (z-squared) and frequency of the x-rays. The experimental data did not conform to this. On the other hand, a plot of (Z-1)2 was found to give a straight line against frequency. The explanation was that one electron falls into the nucleus. After 1980, Z is plotted against the square root of the frequency to get a straight line {ref.37}. This is not surprising since in the case of Uranium the difference between Z and Z-1 is less than 1.1%. The case for the quantitative derivation of atomic number is not as straightforward as is assumed.

The carbon model has several planes of symmetry. It cannot show nuclear magnetism. If we replace one exterior nucleon by a dineutron {ref.4c} with mass number 2 the symmetry would be disturbed. The resulting model for 13C would therefore show nuclear magnetism.

We observe that in carbon the proton sites are located in the outer part of the nucleus. The internal octahedron seems free of electrons or charge. We may extend the line of thought and postulate that the octahedron by itself should be more inert than the inert gases chemically and possibly to energetic excitation also. The octahedron may be the elusive Wimp (weakly interacting massive particle) or dark matter in he universe. The wimp may be an atom and not a particle. The octahedron may undergo reaction with other particles but may be otherwise inert and unobservable except by density measurements. ...top

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"Supporting Information Available:". The model predicts the structural chemistry of Boron and explains the structure of diborane. We have also observed chirality in a nitrogen compound. Both papers are included in the submission but are not for publication.
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